Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and Assignment

Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children - Assignment Example Conducted to an average mean age of six, the children underwent gastrointestinal, developmental tests and neurological testing. The results show that all the children had gastrointestinal disease and poor development. The poor development is associated with the change of environment from their homes to the pediatric facility (A J Walkfield, 1998). The method of testing includes the clinical investigation, laboratory investigation and histology. Developmental testing is conducted with the help of the parents. Ileocolonoscopy is then conducted after bowel preparation. Biopsy samples of the mucosa are then taken for testing from the terminal ileum. Urine is also tested to measure the amount of urinary methylmalonic acid. Magnetic imaging resonance is conducted to check the cerebral response. Stem auditory and sensory together with lumbar puncture is also done. None of the 12 children showed neurological abnormalities according to the clinical tests. Child number eight-showed slow development because of an earlier operation on her aorta. Eight of the children showed poor development due to infection of measles, mumps or rubella vaccination. All the children tested negative for antiendomyseal test. Eight children were reported to have mucosal and rectal abnormalities. Terminal lymphoid hyperplasia was also reported in nine children. Parasites and organisms were not present in the intestines of the 12 children. The goblet cells were not also depleted. The developmental regression results from of loss of coordination in the bladder or bowel function. The increased permeability into the intestinal walls is as a result of deficiency of the phenyl-sulphur transferase enzyme. Strains of measles vaccine have been traced to children suffering from autoimmune hepatitis hence playing a major role in the developmental regression. Vitamin B12 was deficient in the children since there was an increase in the methylmalonic acid concentrations. Vitamin B12

Compare and Contrast the Contribution to the Study of Education Essay Example for Free

Compare and Contrast the Contribution to the Study of Education Essay I am comparing and contrasting the contribution to the study of education made by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke as I believe they are two of the biggest contributors to education. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva, Switzerland, on June 12, 1712. His mother died soon after his birth, and his father Isaac Rousseau, abandoned him to be orphaned at the age of twelve. Rousseau addresses freedom more than any other problem and aims to explain how man is given total freedom without restrictions. Rousseau believes there are two reasons for this, first if he is not restricted by rules of state or dominated by others. The second is that if he is free from the need of artificial or material things in modern society. These make up a large amount of Rousseau’s philosophy, but the second is part of his more insightful philosophical process. Rousseau believed that modern society has changed man into being run by his own needs, he thinks that this enslavement to their own needs is to blame for exploitation of others to self-esteem issues. Rousseau has a famous phrase, man is born free, but he is everywhere in chains, he says that modern states withhold the physical freedom that is our birth right, and do nothing to secure the civil freedom for the sake of which we enter into civil society. Rousseau strongly believes that young children at a certain age must focus on the physical side of their education. Like animals they must be left to their own devices to discover the world they live in and how things work it is very important when it comes to learning later in life.

College Admissions Essay: Responsibility Begins with Me

The Cycle of Responsibility Begins with Me    I believe that it is the responsibility of every student who has received an education in a state school to give something back to the state. This state contains many institutions that offer curricula of quality primary education and is home to several above-average secondary or college institutions as well. Students who receive the state's gift of education should show their gratitude by using that knowledge to improve their community. Having lived in a small, rural community, I have long desired improvements for my own hometown. It has long been a fact that very few people who live in my community gain a college education. I plan on earning a bachelor's degree in Aerospace Engineering from University State, and with that degree, I w...

Beans & perfect food

Beans are a near perfect food. They belong to a family of plants called legumes. They are high in nutrients and fiber. They are capable of lowering cholesterol. They have other health benefits. They help prevent heart attacks. They are shown to cut the incidence of cancer if included in a diet. They are an effective tool in diet and weight-control. Beans can also produce gastric distress and flatulence. The question becomes, do the benefits of adding beans to a diet outweigh the downside? Beans are proven to be good for the human body.It would appear that their benefits far outweigh their bad effects and should be included in the human diet. Beans can be a major source of soluble fiber in the diet. The fiber content of a cup of beans, eaten regularly, can lower the body’s cholesterol by 10 %, according to Patty Bazel Weil of the University of Kentucky. When they pass through the digestive tract they sweep up bile and carry it along. This bile is a source of cholesterol in the body. This benefit can be seen in as little as six weeks. The soluble fiber has the added benefit of keeping the body regular.A ten percent reduction in cholesterol in the body translates into a 40 % decrease in the risk of heart attack. For those people at risk for diabetes the soluble fiber in beans helps to create insulin receptor sites. These sites are like little connectors. The insulin can gather there to enter cells and not have to float freely. There are compounds found in beans that are known to keep normal cells from becoming cancerous. The protease inhibitors and other chemicals found in them have been shown to lower the risk of breast, colon and prostate cancers. Hispanic women have half the number of incidents of breast cancer as Anglo women.It is believed that the reason is the amount of beans in their diet. Beans contain potassium and magnesium that the body needs for the regulation of the heart and other systems. Harvard University studies show that people who includ ed beans in what was called a ‘prudent’ diet, along with other legumes, whole grains and poultry had a 30 % lower risk of heart disease compared to the people who ate the normal western diet. Because complex carbohydrates are absorbed slowly, beans satisfy hunger for a longer period than simple carbohydrates. High fiber foods have a down side.They can cause gastric disturbances and flatulence. Gas is made up mostly of hydrogen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. These gases are odorless. Some people, for unknown reasons, produce methane gas. Foods that are high in sulfur content cause gas with a foul smell. These foods are garlic, onions, leeks, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower and broccoli. Beans, however, also cause gas because they contain a sugar that the body cannot break down. Most sugars are broken down by the body and absorbed into the small intestine. The sugar in beans has a molecule that is too large to be absorbed that way.For this reason the molecule makes it all the way to the large intestine intact. There the bacteria break it down. Gas is the by-product of that process. Beans are an important part of a healthy diet. They contain both nutrients and fiber necessary to keep the human body healthy. They have been shown to lower cholesterol. They help prevent heart attacks. They can lower the risk of heart disease. Beans are credited with reducing the risk of cancer. They are low in calories and high in complex carbohydrates. People seeking to diet for weight loss should eat them.While it is true that they cause gas, there are methods to reduce the amounts produced. The benefits of beans are many. The gas, for most people, is a minor thing. Beans should be included in every diet. They are a valuable part of the world’s nutrition. Bibliography AmericanBean. org, n. d. Beans Reduce Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Retrieve 2-24-07 from: http://www. americanbean. org/HealthNutrition/Cardiovascular%20Release. htm Tresca, A. , 2006 Abou t: Inflammatory Bowel Disease Retrieved 2-24-07 from: http://ibdcrohns. about. com/od/otherdigestivediseases/f/beans. htm

Reproductive Health Among Adolescent Girls Health And Social Care Essay

Reappraisal of literature is a systemic hunt of a published work to derive information about a research subject ( Polit and Hungler, 2011 ) . Conducting a reappraisal of literature is disputing and an informative experience. The reappraisal of literature was based on extended study of books, diaries, and international nursing indicates. A reappraisal of literature relevant to the survey was under taken which helped the research worker to develop deep into the job and addition information on what has been in the yesteryear. An extended reappraisal of literature was done by the research worker to put a wide foundation for the survey. For the intent of logical sequence the chapter was divided in two parts. 2.1 Part I: Reviews related to generative wellness among adolescent misss. 2.2 PART II: Reviews related to effectivity of stripling to adolescent attack on generative wellness.2.1 Part I: Reviews related to generative wellness among adolescent misss.Mc Call-hosenfeld JS et al. , ( 2012 ) conducted an experimental survey in Pennsylvania ; they investigated the impact of single on adult females ‘s are reception of a comprehensive panel of preventative services in a part that includes both urban and rural communities. Outcome variables were a showing and inoculation index blood force per unit area, lipid panel, sexually familial infections or single degree variables includes predisposing factors, enabling and need – based steps. The research worker found that overall usage of preventative services, were low single variableness in adult females ‘s reception of guidance services is mostly explained by psychological factors and seeing an gynaecologist..Fengy et al. , ( 2012 ) conducted a cross sectional study of 17,016 adolescent misss and imma ture aged 15-24 year old in both rural and urban Asiatic citations, China, through interview and computing machine assisted self interview for sensitive inquiries. To place the forecasters perceptual experience of homosexualism. The 40 % of stripling and immature grownups who hold a positive position of homosexualism for both males and females. Preferred beginning of films, pictures, self identified sexual orientation, sexual and generative wellness cognition, household values, gender function and attitude towards prenuptial sex. The most common and of import forecasters for a respondent ‘s perceptual experience of homosexualism were his/her cognition of sexual and generative wellness. Shelia G et al. , ( 2012 ) conducted a experimental survey sing characteristics of physical and sexual development of generative behaviour among adolescent misss at Russia. In this appraisal the adolescent generative behaviour designation and the factors impacting was made in female striplings age 14-19yr [ randomly formed via uninterrupted choice ] information of the province of their wellness their attitudes towards kid bearing and their hazardous wonts have been evaluated. High frequence of catamenial abnormalities, 24.7 % delayed formation of the bone pelvic girdle, 25.2 % the prevalence of chronic external genital diseases were found. Iliyasuz et al. , ( 2012 ) conducted a qualitative survey sing sexual and generative wellness communicating between female parents and their stripling girls in North India Assam. The research worker employed structured interviews and groups to look into generative wellness communicating patterns among 108 female parents and girls transcript were analyzed utilizing the grounded theory attack.A sum of 136 female parent reported discoursing generative issues with their girls. The bulk of girls get generative wellness instruction from their female parents ; parents were more likely to discourse matrimony, menses, prenuptial sex, STI infections and sex instruction demand to be empowered with cognition and accomplishments to better the range and quality of place -based generative wellness instruction. Palke VD et al. , ( 2011 ) conducted a survey sing impact of sex instruction on cognition and attitude of adolescent school kids in Bihar. Reproductive capableness is now in earlier age, but the topic of adolescent gender in most societies, there is a broad spread ignorance about hazards are unprotected sex jobs among adolescent misss. Unfortunately demand of sex instruction is non perceived and fulfilled in India particularly in rural countries. The present survey was conducted to measure the demand and show the impact of sex instruction among adolescent school kids, by analysing pre and station intercession questionnaire and there was a important addition in cognition about gender, catamenial hygiene. Sexually familial disease, it has important impact on cognition of adolescent school kids. Ezekwere et al. , ( 2011 ) conducted a survey sing sex instruction, sex information, sex patterns, among adolescent misss in Nigeria. A entire 304 misss selected by multi-stage sampling technique studied primary and subsequent beginnings of gender information, chiefly the by the media, equals, households and schools, found that largely they were non involved in proviso of early sexual induction and un protected sex was common among them. The survey highlights the demand to make a consciousness at earlier phase of adolescent period sexual instruction of adolescent misss through parents and instructors had to be initiated. Wong LP et al. , ( 2011 ) conducted a big cross sectional survey sing attitude towards dysmenorrheal impact and intervention seeking, among 1,295 adolescent misss ( 13-19 year ) from 16 public secondary schools in rural territories of Malaysia. Dysmenorrhea was reported in 76.0 % of the participants multivariate analysis shows that being in upper secondary degrees was the strongest forecaster for hapless concentration, absenteeism and hapless school class due to dysmenorrheal is a normal rhythm and merely 14.8 % sought medical intervention, instruction should be extended to parents and school equal leaders to turn to the generative wellness demands of striplings. Lazarus JV et al. , ( 2011 ) conducted a quasi experimental survey sing generative wellness consciousness programme to measure the cognition, attitude and behaviour. Generative wellness informations was collected from the pupils aged ( 11 – 16 year ) by utilizing a image and group treatment. In entire 313 questionnaire has distributed, and the mean mark in the pretest cognition was 5.9 and 6.8 in station trial mark was p ( 0.003 ) , which increased significantly t=4.5, p=0.000. The attitude average mark in pre trial was 4.3 in station trial was 6.8 which shows the increased important. The average behaviour pretest mark which showed a important P =0.019. Hence the intercession significantly improved the adolescent generative wellness cognition & A ; attitude. BiscoFreudenthal J et al. , ( 2011 ) conducted a survey sing making community consciousness of generative piece of land infections including STD infections. The purpose of this survey was therefore to research people perception intervention seeking behaviour and apprehension of information about RTI/STD. Qualitative contact analysis was employed for the information analysis. The major findings was that the most common intervention seeking behaviour was taking self medicine. Shyness of venereal scrutiny, negative attitudes towards dirty diseases. The chief media beginnings of RTI/STI information were wireless, Television and other entree to wellness information was more hard. Health instruction messages should be more accessible in rural countries. Van Rossem et al. , ( 2011 ) conducted the study to measure the range and impact of societal selling and generative wellness communicating runs ( selected wireless and telecasting plans ) sing household planning and HIV/AIDS in Zambia. The consequences evidenced that the generative wellness and societal selling Campaigns in Zambia reached a big part of the population and had a important impact. The consequences suggested that future generative wellness communicating runs that invest in wireless scheduling may be more effectual than those puting in telecasting scheduling and future runs should seek to increase their impact among adult females. Portillo et al. , ( 2011 ) conducted a cross sectional survey sing sexual and generative wellness among adolescent misss at High school in Spanish. The survey focused to find the extent of information about forestalling sexually transmitted diseases, cognition and usage of prophylactic methods. It includes 641 pupils who agreed to finish the questionnaire by school. 84.5 % pupils know at least one preventive method 84 % , It is necessary to set up or beef up information programme on sexual wellness for stripling. Fehr KR et al. , ( 2011 ) conducted a survey to measure the cognition and usage of Folic acid in adult females of generative age Folic acid reduces the hazard of nervous tubing defects 50 % , adult females of generative age group should be cognizant of the importance of the folic acid and nervous tubing defects. They used footings such as Folic acid cognition and Folic acid awareness to seek articles published, adult females were although cognition degrees were associated with instruction and wellness attention professional ‘s magazines and intelligence documents, wireless, Television, as common beginnings of information, and this cognition will let them to do informed determinations about Folic acid among adult females. Mc Call JS et al. , ( 2011 ) conducted a survey sing preventative guidance among generative aged adult females. Preventive wellness intercession frequently occur less often among rural adult females compared to urban is an of import characteristic of comprehensive preventative wellness attention commissariats.Data were collected by telephone study during 2004-2005 participants aged 18-45 year in the cardinal Pennsylvanias. The survey assessed the independent part of reding for smoke, intoxicant, drug usage, birth control, nutrition, physical activity. Most adult females do non have recommended preventative guidance, while rural adult females are less likely than urban adult females to have reding educating rural wellness attention suppliers about the demand for preventative guidance. Jousha et al. , ( 2011 ) narrated on rubber dialogue and experience among sexually active immature adult females in New south Waless, Austraila by utilizing feminist narrative attack. Ten adult females ‘s narratives were collected via on-line interviews. The findings revealed that none of the adult females initiated or negotiated usage of the male rubber publicity relies on the r4coginition of the gender factors that impede immature adult females ‘s rubber dialogue and usage. Schemes that overcome gender kineticss and empower adult females to negociate rubber usage have the ability to advance rubber usage among this group. Lawan et al. , ( 2010 ) conducted a survey sing menses and catamenial hygiene among adolescent misss in Gujarat.This survey examined the cognition and patterns of adolescent school in around menses and catamenial hygiene.Data was collected quantitatively and analyzed utilizing pre experimental survey, the survey findings showed that bulk had just cognition of menses, although deficient in specific cognition countries, most of them used healthful tablets as absorbent during their last menstruations, changed catamenial dressings about 1-5 times per twenty-four hours and bettering entree of the stripling to reproductive wellness demands. Sivagami, et al. , ( 2010 ) conducted a qualitative survey on community perceptual experience and intervention seeking behavior sing generative piece of land infections including sexually transmitted infections in Lao by utilizing 14 focal point group treatment and 20 in depth interviews. It held among 76 adult females and 56 work forces. The major determination was that both male and female participants had a assortment of misconceptions about the causes and symptoms of RTI/STIs and their remedy and a reluctance to seek wellness attention. The chief grounds for non traveling to wellness installations were fright of societal favoritism or shyness. They suggested beef uping wellness instruction and publicity through intercessions at the community degree to better the quality of RTI/STI direction. Minto et al. , ( 2010 ) reviewed the efficaciousness of HIV/STI behavioural intercession and identified factors associated with intercession efficaciousness for American African females in the United provinces by utilizing meta- analysis from 37 relevant surveies. The consequences showed that behavioural intercession had a important impact on decrease in HIV/STI hazard sex behavioral. They concluded as behavioural intercessions were efficacious in forestalling HIV and STIs among African American females. They suggested that carry oning more research to analyze the possible part of bar schemes that attend to community degree and to better communicating between RTI/STI patients and clinicians. Thakor HG et al. , ( 2010 ) conducted a STIs prevalence survey on cognition and patterns related to STIs and HIV among 125 sex workers in an urban country of Gujarat, India. 85-90 % were cognizant about assorted symptoms / diseases transmitted by insecure sexual pattern in male and female. 23.4 % took intervention from wellness worker for such jobs ; 87.9 % were cognizant that consistent usage of rubber could protect them from HIV infections and 2.6 % reported for non intervention of STD.58 % were non cognizant about behavoural alterations needed to cut down the hazard.2.2 PART II: Review related to effectivity of stripling to adolescent attack on generative wellness.Denison JA et al. , ( 2012 ) conducted a quasi experimental survey on equal instruction make a difference an rating of HIV bar in youth-led theoretical account trained voluntaries equal pedagogues age ( 18-25 year ) in school, to learn HIV bar and Reproductive wellness. This rating programme effects on pupils HIV cogniti on, attitude and behaviours of adolescent misss by utilizing a non randomized quasi experimental design among 2133 pupils had significantly higher degrees of cognition sing HIV P & lt ; 0.001 and Reproductive wellness P & lt ; .001 more positive attitude towards the Reproductive wellness and HIV.The young person led or peer pedagogue theoretical account is associated with increased HIV and Reproductive wellness cognition and ego 0kanlawon FA et al. , ( 2011 ) conducted a survey to measure the effectivity of equal instruction in a secondary school sing generative wellness among adolescent misss in Karnataka. The survey employed pre and station trial intercession quasi experimental design, The experimental group was the adolescence misss to give equal instruction programme for 6 months pre and station trial informations in the experimental and control groups were compared and analyzed. The cognition of generative wellness issues was p & lt ; 0.5. Hence the intercession significantly improved the adolescent generative wellness cognition efficaciousness and sexual hazard taking behaviours. Drummond P et al. , ( 2011 ) conducted a survey by utilizing peer instruction to increase the sexual wellness cognition among West African refugees in Western Australia. Ten bilingual west African equal pedagogues conducted a 3 hours workshop on sexual wellness for little groups of western African refugees ( n = 58 ) who late settled in Perth, western Australia.There were important additions in the participants knowledge on sexually transmitted infections and HIV, their spread and the steps to protect against infection. They Concluded that the equal instruction attack was successful in helping new and emerging community to work efficaciously on sexual wellness subjects by and large considered as ‘taboos ‘ or excessively sensitive to discourse. Stephenson. J et al. , ( 2010 ) assessed the effectivity of school-based peer-led sex instruction among 9,000 students aged 13-14 old ages at England. Schools were randomized to either peer-led sex instruction ( intercession ) or to go on their usual teacher-led sex instruction ( control ) . Peer pedagogues, aged 16-17 old ages, were trained to present three 1-hour schoolroom Sessionss of sex instruction to 13- to 14 old ages old students from the same schools. The survey findings concluded that compared with conventional school sex instruction at age 13-14 old ages, this signifier of peer-led sex instruction was really effectual associated with alteration in teenage STDs, it merits consideration within broader teenage STDs bar schemes.

Pronouncing Words that Begin with WH

Pronouncing Words that Begin with WH Pronouncing Words that Begin with WH Pronouncing Words that Begin with WH By Maeve Maddox Maria Cypher wrote: Can you weigh in on whether the h in -wh- words (e.g., whether, white, overwhelmed) should be pronounced? This seems to be a regional thing, but I say yes, yes, yes! (And then my friends and relatives mock me.) Im with you, Maria. At least I am on many words that begin with the letter combination wh. Many of our wh words descend from Old English originals that began with the spelling hw: hwa (who) hwaem (whom) hwael (whale) hwaether (whether) hwit (white) The sound [hw] is an aspirate, rather like the sound one makes when blowing out a candle. Its a sound I teach for the phonogram wh. Even if one speaks a dialect that pronounces the spellng wh [hw] as [w] in words like white and whet, learning the wh as a phonogram distinct from the letter w and applying it as a spelling pronunciation is useful in learning to spell correctly. Not knowing the difference can result in writing that startles or misleads: By 1600, the British and Dutch had broken the Spanish and Portuguese naval hegemony, freeing up the spice trade. But trade in spices did not wet the North American palate for hot chili peppers.YaleGlobalOnline WordNavigator.com lists 941 English words that being with the wh spelling. Many of them are different forms of the same word, for example whistle and whistling. Many are words of interest only to Scrabble players. Eliminating the Scrabble words, multiple forms of the same word, and obsolete spellings, I narrowed the list to 70 or fewer. Of this short list, some are words in which the wh has mutated to an h sound (delabialization of /hw/), ex. who, whom, and whore. (I can remember the first time I came across that third wordI was in high schooland went around trying to pronounce it with a [hw]. Talk about being laughed at†¦) Words like white, whet, and whale belong to whats called the wine/whine merger. For most English speakers, the wh in these words is pronounced as a plain w [w]. Maria and I are in the minority. And Id guess that we dont pronounce the same wh words alike. In reviewing my short list of wh words, I find that Im not at all consistent. For example, I would pronounce whizz with the [hw] in this sentence†¦ The arrow whizzed through the air. †¦but Id probably pronounce it [w] in this sentence: Charlie stepped behind the hedge to take a whizz. The only reason I can think of is that I heard the second use of the word in conversation before seeing it written. Then theres whiz as in whiz kid. That, for me, would probably take a [w] sound. Here are some words that I know I pronounce with the breathy [hw] sound†¦ whale whinny whine while whether whisper whistle whiskers †¦but I think I may pronounce these words with a plain w sound: whisky whey whittle white Ah, the mystery of language! Heres a link to all you could ever want to know about The Phonological History of wh. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative ConflictList of 50 Great Word Games for Kids and AdultsI wish I were...

Two commandments in French

Two commandments in French The French have two commandments that set them apart from other people. First of all, they believe that too much work is unhealthy, and second of all, they regard food as an important aspect of life. They believe that they work to live unlike other people who believe that they live to work. They take long weekends and have many holidays that keep them out of offices.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Two commandments in French specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many fulltime employees get more than 37 holiday days every year. They work for 35 hours a week, being a reduction from 39 hours since the year 2000. The government has requested employers to increase their working hours. What is more, state workers spend a lot of time doing things that are not connected with the work itself because government agencies and corporations do not have strict work regulations and policies. In addition, they argue that they do not wor k a lot because they earn peanuts for their great efforts at work. Despite few working hours, the French achieve their goals because families usually work on various projects simultaneously. The French do not set many targets at work because they are certain of their failure. Their meetings do not give results because of poor communication between members of the group or a team. On the other hand, they go on strikes to get conditions or privileges they want at their work. Dialogues are rarely sued to solve problems.  The French have another commandment that makes food an important aspect of their culture. They have preserved many stone-age culinary recipes. However, their recipes receive numerous criticisms for lack of hygiene. French people believe that bacteria should be allowed to breed and multiply, thus exposing food to microorganisms. They do not practice hygiene when preparing, transporting, or preserving food in restaurants. Even though they treasure food, they ignore the importance of maintaining hygiene. For example, they do not clean utensils properly after and before their use. The French love to eat raw food especially fruits. Their culinary preferences are unique because while other countries have celebrity chefs, France has celebrity food. The French also love junk food, however, research has shown that they are less fat than people from other countries are. They accuse Britons of consuming overcooked and boiled food, which they accompany with beer after meals. Despite criticism, they love several British meals such as cakes and biscuits. Britons spend a lot of money on staff and the dà ©cor of their restaurants and little money on food.Advertising Looking for article on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, the French hate American food because they consider it to be junk. The French love alcohol. At the same time, they adopt a different from En glish people drinking style which often exposes them to numerous road accidents. They have developed several rules and rituals that are associated with food. It is a requisite for the French to follow these rules and observe the rituals.

All About the Rock Called Chert

All About the Rock Called Chert Chert is the name for a widespread type of sedimentary rock that is made of silica (silicon dioxide or SiO2). The most familiar silica mineral is quartz in microscopic or even invisible crystals- that is, microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline quartz. Learn more about how it is made and find out what it is made of. Chert Ingredients Like other sedimentary rocks, chert starts with particles accumulating. In this case, it happened in bodies of water. The particles are the skeletons (called tests) of plankton, microscopic creatures that spend their lives floating in the water column. Plankton secrete their tests using one of two substances that are dissolved in water: calcium carbonate or silica. When the organisms die, their tests sink to the bottom and accumulate in a growing blanket of microscopic sediment called ooze. Ooze is usually a mixture of plankton tests and extremely fine-grained clay minerals. A clay ooze, of course, eventually becomes claystone. An ooze that is primarily calcium carbonate (aragonite or calcite), a calcareous ooze, typically turns into a rock of the limestone group. Chert is derived from a siliceous ooze. The composition of ooze depends on details of geography: ocean currents, the availability of nutrients in the water, world climate, depth in the ocean, and other factors. Siliceous ooze is mostly made of the tests of diatoms (one-celled algae) and radiolarians (one-celled animals or protists). These organisms build their tests of completely uncrystallized (amorphous) silica. Other minor sources of silica skeletons include the particles made by sponges (spicules) and land plants (phytoliths). Siliceous ooze tends to form in cold, deep water because calcareous tests dissolve in those conditions. Chert Formation and Precursors Siliceous ooze turns to chert by going through a slow transformation unlike that of most other rocks. The lithification and diagenesis of chert is an elaborate process.   In some settings, siliceous ooze is pure enough to lithify into a lightweight, minimally processed rock, called diatomite if composed of diatoms, or radiolarite if made of radiolarians. The amorphous silica of a plankton test is not stable outside the living things that make it. It seeks to crystallize, and as ooze is buried to depths greater than 100 meters or so, the silica begins to mobilize with the modest rise in pressure and temperature. There is plenty of pore space and water for this to happen, and plenty of chemical energy being released by crystallization as well as by the breakdown of organic matter in the ooze. The first product of this activity is a hydrated silica (opal) called opal-CT because it resembles cristobalite (C) and tridymite (T) in X-ray studies. In those minerals, silicon and oxygen atoms align with water molecules in a different arrangement than that of quartz. A less-processed version of opal-CT is what makes up with water molecules in a different arrangement than that of quartz. A less-processed version of opal-CT is what makes up common opal. A more processed version of opal-CT is often called opal-C because in X-rays it looks more like cristobalite. The rock composed of lithified opal-CT or opal-C is porcellanite. More diagenesis causes the silica to lose most of its water as it fills pore space in the siliceous sediment. This activity converts the silica into true quartz, in microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline form, also known as the mineral chalcedony. When that happens, chert is formed. Chert Attributes and Signs Chert is as hard as crystalline quartz with a hardness rating of seven  in the Mohs scale   maybe a bit softer, 6.5, if it still has some hydrated silica in it. Beyond simply being hard, chert is a tough rock. It stands above the landscape in outcrops that resist erosion. Oil drillers dread it because its so hard to penetrate. Chert has a curvy conchoidal fracture that is smoother and less splintery than the conchoidal fracture of pure quartz; ancient toolmakers favored it, and high-quality rock was a trade item between tribes. Unlike quartz, chert is never transparent and not always translucent. It has a waxy or resinous luster unlike the glassy luster of quartz.   The colors of chert range from white through red and brown to black, depending on how much clay or organic matter it contains. It often has some sign of its sedimentary origin, such as bedding and other sedimentary structures or microfossils. They may be abundant enough for a chert to get a special name, as in the red radiolarian chert carried to land by plate tectonics from the central ocean floor. Special Cherts Chert is a quite general term for noncrystalline siliceous rocks, and some subtypes have their own names and stories. In mixed calcareous and siliceous sediments, the carbonate and the silica tend to segregate. Chalk beds, the calcareous equivalent of diatomites, may grow lumpy nodules of chert of the type called flint. (Similarly, thick chert beds may grow nodules and pods of limer ock limestone or dolomite rock.) Flint is commonly dark and gray, and more lustrous than typical chert. Agate and Jasper are cherts that form outside the deep-sea setting; they occur where fractures allowed silica-rich solutions to enter and deposit chalcedony. Agate is pure and translucent whereas Jasper is opaque. Both stones commonly have reddish colors from the presence of iron oxide minerals. The peculiar ancient banded iron formations consist of thin layers of interbedded chert and solid hematite. Some important fossil localities are in chert. The Rhynie Cherts in Scotland contain remains of the oldest land ecosystem from nearly 400 million years ago early in the Devonian Period. And the Gunflint Chert, a unit of banded iron formation in western Ontario is famous for its fossil microbes, dating from the Early Proterozoic time some two billion years ago.

4 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

4 questions - Essay Example The author was trying to argue that taste and behavior do not necessarily emerge from structural positions rather individuals ascribe these features to socioeconomic positions to best accommodate the needs of the situations (For example vastly different tastes from people one wants to distance oneself from and similar tastes for people who they find similar). Whilst the author’s arguments are indeed convincing it still remains that much of the information gathered and analyzed is still based on personal observations and are still subject to observer biases. For this question we were requested to read Dà ¶rnyei, Z. (2007). Research Methods in Applied Linguistics and this text them back to what we have learned regarding quan/qual research. Dà ¶rnyei stated that the different nature of qualitative and quantitative research is in the fact that the latter refers to researchers who define the variables that they work with well in advance and assign numeric measurements to the variables so that this data can be codified and analyzed. Qualitative research is different insofar as the data is not necessarily numeric rather it can be verbal and as such the issue can be more flexible for investigation. In relation to research questions and hypothesis it can be the case that if the issue that one is going to research relies heavily on topics such as human interaction it may be the case that a qualitative approach could be utilized however if it is the case that something less reliant on human emotions or interactions one could utilize a quantitat ive approach. Moreover it can be the case that a mixed approach could be utilized for complex issues. In some respects the questionnaire is good insofar as the first question â€Å"Do you use fast-food services in the area† quickly identifies whether or not the interviewee is a suitable candidate (Presumibly if they

Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Story - Essay Example However, upon arrival in America in 1855, Fernando directed Chilam to the city of California in the gold mines. The journey took 10 months since they were new to America and pretended to be cow boys. Their lifestyle in America was pathetic since they were immigrants in America. Therefore, they had to obey and withstand all the frustrations at the gold mines. Chilam survived the invasion of the intruders who killed his Chinese friends and left him hopeless. All was not lost since he remained with a good amount of gold when his friends were murdered. Over time, he opened a gold refinery firm that grew to larger heights attracting the American government into his business in San Francisco. After some years, Chilam’s gold mines grew into a larger investment and became popular in the West coast side of America. He signed an agreement with the government to incorporate him as part of the Golden Spike ceremony that involved the railroad project. This involved creation of last four spikes of gold in America. This meant that two golden spikes would come from San Francisco, silvered spike from Nevada and one from Arizona full of iron, silver and gold. Chilam opted for the last golden spike that was placed into the railroad that connected Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroad (California digital Newspaper collection, 34). In conclusion, it is evident hat the journey of Chilam to richness was tough but had a soft landing. This is evident from displacement of their family and friend s in Mexico to a new land of opportunities in

Automobile Assembly Line Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Automobile Assembly Line - Essay Example Technology has made many tasks easier if not eliminated them all together. And, technology has redefined what 'work' is too many people. From farm operations to processing of the products the farms produce evidence of the impact of technology is clear. The technology available has change the way society operates. Society, in turn, has been reshaped by this technology. Society has then continued to develop technology to support its changes in the way it lives. 2. History and Development of the Moving Assembly Line. Many different versions of the assembly line were used throughout history. In recent history the assembly line was used to move meat from one station to another in the meat packing plants of Cincinnati, Ohio (USA). The meat packing plants in Chicago followed with suit by installing the system in their plants. These assembly lines were powered by overhead trolleys with chains. But, the most notable use of the assembly line occurred at Ford Motor Company in Michigan (USA). Ford first began using the assembly line in 1913. It allowed workers to learn one task in production of the auto and complete that task repeatedly as autos passed their station. The assembly line greatly increased the number of autos made at one time. Specialization of the workers meant that workers knew one part of the assembly really well and could repeat the task over and over with great speed. Ford's competition was left behind as Ford could produce more ve hicles at a lower price than its competitors. Ford also did not need as many employees to build an auto because the auto was no longer made all at one station but moved between stations with specialized assemblers at those stations. Ford had successfully implemented the use of the assembly line and created mass production of its product: the automobile. "Ford's famous Model T was assembled in ninety-three minutes."(About, History of Cars) Previously Ford had used a team approach that had a group all working at one station building the auto from beginning to end. Development of the assembly line continued and it became a widely used technology to build different products. The skills needed to build products were gradually transferred to mechanical devices on the assembly line. This skills transfer allowed the industry to hire lower skilled workers that were paid less than their skilled counterparts. This automation of the assembly line required less and less workers who controlled more and more specialized equipment along the assembly line. In essence, the assembly line and automation eliminated the need for most workers. 3. The Social Shaping of Technology. The social shaping of technology (SST) can best be explained as the development of technology to satisfy social needs. These are not needs in the sense of social relationships but rather the social needs to work, be profitable, live at a comfortable socio-economic level, etc. Using assembly line development as an example, this social shaping of technology began with an idea. Ford wanted to produce more cars but make them affordable so that people could, and would, buy them. Ford needed to remain profitable with an affordable product. Producing a car a day vs. a car every ninety-three minutes can have a big effect on profits. The assembly line gave Ford this opportunity. SST is all about choices that shape outcomes. SST offers negotiability to the technological process

Leadership and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership and Change - Essay Example With the mail-order being a success, Branson used the money earned from this company to buy a record store and to leverage it into a chain (Branson, 2009). Over time, he has managed to add 360 acquisitions to Virgin Music Group including airlines, trains, books, healthcare, wines, comics, fitness clubs, financial services and space travel among others (Bowerman & Wart, 2011). One major reason behind the success of Virgin group of companies is Branson’s unique leadership, charisma and effective timing (Fox, 2004). These qualities have enabled him to anticipate, and manage change effectively in his business empire. Though he is remarkably reserved and shy in person (Fox, 2004), Branson has the ability to change failures to his advantage, which enables him to gain publicity (Fabrikant, 1997). This daring nature has being the motivation behind his successful empire. Implementation of change Branson’s effective implementation of change can be illustrated by Kotter’s e ight steps change model. As the virgin empire started to expand in 1990s, Virgin megastores, and Virgin Records were doing well (Grant, 2005). However, Virgin Atlantic was not doing well, and it needed huge investments in order to break from being a small time operator to medium sized carrier (Branson, 2002); which is in accordance with Kotter’s model that requires establishment of a sense of contingence to affect change (Sabri, Gupta & Beitler, 2007). According to Grant (2005), Branson’s ingenious ideas to wade through these circumstances were to float the company, and raise the required expansion capital via the city and shareholders. However, immediately after this decision, it became apparent to Branson that this decision was at odds with the kinds of risks shareholders were prepared to stand (Grant, 2005). Surprisingly, in creating a guiding coalition in accordance with Kotter’s change model, Branson decided to sell Virgin records, and bought back Virgin At lantic. It was through such strategic decisions that Virgin Atlantic has become a successful business empire today. Branson approach in his career is that of influence, and has the ability to create a common purpose among his followers; his approach is to make people achieve things that they did not know they had the ability to achieve (Daft, 2002). Therefore, Branson develops a vision and strategy to implement the specific changes, and communicates the same to his employees; these are among the steps in Kotter’s change model (Sabri, Gupta & Beitler, 2007). He establishes the change, creates the guiding principles, develops the vision and the strategies to lead to the required change, or to attain his goals. Usually, every organizational change has a range of consequences, and one of the consequences of floatation of Virgin Atlantic was change in internal environment, and an organizational culture in which employees have to thrive in (Cox, 2009). One of the remarkable cultura l changes under Branson was making employees to have decentralized chains of commands, in ensuring that they are not answerable to one leader. Empowering employees for action is one of the steps in Kotter’s change model (Sabri, Gupta & Beitler, 2007). Branson in his organizational culture ensured employees were answerable to shareholders (Grant, 2005). Grant further noted that Richard Branson’s principles and approach to handling change enables transitions to

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

International Business - Essay Example Many governments are developing national policies, which aims at attracting and facilitating foreign investment. Policy framework is an instrumental element to global investment and trade. However, governments are not adapting a blanket approach to this factor, but reinforcing regulatory policies on foreign trade with a view of accommodating industries policies that favor competitive business practices. The strategies developed at the national level should not only favor international investment, but also protect national business. Largely, the economic policies should focus on the individual needs. At the same time, present investment trends favor regional trade as opposed to the bilateral trade. Arguably, the bargain by regional blocks roots for common economic policies as opposed to the bilateral agreements that tend to favor individual countries. The developing countries are leading in foreign direct investment. This trend seems to suggest that new business openings are more in t he developing countries because of untapped business opportunities. It is apparent from the World Investment Report 2013 that global value chain has an impact on international and foreign direct investment. ... The developed and the developing countries tend to project varied investment trends in the global economy (World Economic Forum 2013). Specifically, countries such as Japan and United States have significant internal value chains and tend to rely less on the global value chains. China, Germany, and United Kingdom significantly depend on foreign trade. The foreign exports in these three countries contribute immense to their economy. A considerable population of these countries derive their income or wage from industries whose primary concerns is to manufacture goods or products for export. Elsewhere, the composition of exports and positions in global value chains depend on natural resources of various found in these countries. For instance, China is hub for manufacturing of nearly all the electronic products. Favoring factors influencing investment in this country is the cheap labor and availability of raw materials. Since the quantity manufactured supersedes the quantity demanded nat ionally, hence the quantity sent to the global market (Ma, Van Assche and Hong 2009 pp 655). Largely, favoring conditions for investment tend to give leeway for various investors to concentrate of investment for export purposes. Another factor that seems to explain the observable trend in the global market and the impact of global vale added chain is the concept of economic structure and export model (Gereffi, Humphrey and Sturgeon 2005 pp78). Players in the global trade seem inject varied input depending on favoring factors. For example, countries such as Singapore, China, and Netherlands derive significant amount of foreign benefit from the entreport trade. A review of Chinese economy for instance, shows that its economy derive considerable amount of foreign

FINAL LEGAL RESEARCH PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

FINAL LEGAL RESEARCH PAPER - Essay Example Therefore, these researchers end up not publishing their information regarding varied flaws they normally find characterizing certain digital products. For instance, Dmitry Sklyarov’s arrest prompted Fred Cohen to withdraw information regarding â€Å"Forensix† software from his website claiming he was afraid of DMCA’s liability once he steps in US (Von Lohmann, 2010). Some scientists as well as researchers have expressed their fears especially when visiting US in the quest of attending varied conferences. This is because they deem US’ authorities will arrest them due to their past openness in revealing flaws that characterize certain Corporations’ products who have filed charges before without their knowledge (Von Lohmann, 2010). Hence, prompting these scientists and researchers to compel conference organizers to hold such events in other non-US states (Von Lohmann, 2010). Other researchers have decided not to reveal their findings all together in t he quest of ensuring they have maintained cordial relationship with the US. This is detrimental especially to the unsuspecting customers who may not understand exactly certain flaws that characterize most of the reputable products they have been using (Von Lohmann, 2010). a. ... nt researchers â€Å"play safe† by withholding their varied researches concerning flaws, which they have ascertained evident in some digital products, for instance, Mr. Song (who has authored varied security researches) (Von Lohmann, 2010). b. Introduction to the Problem DMCA liability has prompted numerous researchers to withdraw as well as withhold essential researches concerning flaws, which they have ascertained characterizing certain digital products. Since most of these researchers fear prosecutions and arrests once they visit US (Von Lohmann, 2010). Studies have also revealed how certain researchers especially Russian programmers to date decline attending US conferences and prefer them held in other states. This is due to the past information they have revealed concerning flaws evident in some of the most reputable products produced by US corporations for years (Von Lohmann, 2010). c. Purpose Statement This study seeks to ascertain exactly what prompts scientists and pr ogrammers decline unveiling essential information, which they have found characterizing some reputable digital products. d. Research Questions and Sub questions i. What is the impact of DMCA liability to both scientists and programmers since its inception to date? ii. What are the researchers’ views concerning DMCA liability? iii. So far, what damages has DMCA liability caused to both scientists and programmers? iv. Does the DMCA liability affect only the US’ scientists and programmers? v. What are some of the examples that indicate DMCA liability has interfered with both researchers and programmers’ legal rights? vi. Is it true researchers and other experts in this field withhold essential information fearing prosecution or barred from visiting US? e. Statement of Significance Scientists,

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

International Business - Essay Example Many governments are developing national policies, which aims at attracting and facilitating foreign investment. Policy framework is an instrumental element to global investment and trade. However, governments are not adapting a blanket approach to this factor, but reinforcing regulatory policies on foreign trade with a view of accommodating industries policies that favor competitive business practices. The strategies developed at the national level should not only favor international investment, but also protect national business. Largely, the economic policies should focus on the individual needs. At the same time, present investment trends favor regional trade as opposed to the bilateral trade. Arguably, the bargain by regional blocks roots for common economic policies as opposed to the bilateral agreements that tend to favor individual countries. The developing countries are leading in foreign direct investment. This trend seems to suggest that new business openings are more in t he developing countries because of untapped business opportunities. It is apparent from the World Investment Report 2013 that global value chain has an impact on international and foreign direct investment. ... The developed and the developing countries tend to project varied investment trends in the global economy (World Economic Forum 2013). Specifically, countries such as Japan and United States have significant internal value chains and tend to rely less on the global value chains. China, Germany, and United Kingdom significantly depend on foreign trade. The foreign exports in these three countries contribute immense to their economy. A considerable population of these countries derive their income or wage from industries whose primary concerns is to manufacture goods or products for export. Elsewhere, the composition of exports and positions in global value chains depend on natural resources of various found in these countries. For instance, China is hub for manufacturing of nearly all the electronic products. Favoring factors influencing investment in this country is the cheap labor and availability of raw materials. Since the quantity manufactured supersedes the quantity demanded nat ionally, hence the quantity sent to the global market (Ma, Van Assche and Hong 2009 pp 655). Largely, favoring conditions for investment tend to give leeway for various investors to concentrate of investment for export purposes. Another factor that seems to explain the observable trend in the global market and the impact of global vale added chain is the concept of economic structure and export model (Gereffi, Humphrey and Sturgeon 2005 pp78). Players in the global trade seem inject varied input depending on favoring factors. For example, countries such as Singapore, China, and Netherlands derive significant amount of foreign benefit from the entreport trade. A review of Chinese economy for instance, shows that its economy derive considerable amount of foreign

Analyzing Level of Development in Hong Kong Essay

Analyzing Level of Development in Hong Kong - Essay Example It is of fascinating to see how Hong Kong has risen to become an economy that is now ranked along with the big wigs of fully developed countries. Development in this context is the maximum utilization of the resources within a given area or country(Haq, 1995). There are multiple universally accepted indicators on how well developed a country is which can either be based on economic factors such as GDP, GNI and PPP, or socio-indicators such as availability and efficiency of public services, provision of health services, accessibility of education among others (Haq 1995). Over the past century to date, Hong Kong has come a long way, for in the nineteen thirties she would have been categorized as an underdeveloped economy. By the start of the Second World War, Hong Kong was still a British colony. On the 25th December 1941, Japan seized her, and occupied the country until August 1945. At the time of the occupation, the Hong Kong economy suffered a great setback. There was rapid inflation and severe food shortages since the Japanese were preserving food for their army. In this harsh environment, there was little economic growth fostered, with advances coming almost to a standstill. In addition, the official currency, the Hong Kong dollar was outlawed and replaced by the Japanese Military Yen. By 1945, the population of Hong Kong had shrunk by half, down front the pre-occupation number of 1.5 million inhabitants (Tsang, 2004). In recent years, Hong Kong has faced challenges and drawbacks at a national level that have had negative impacts on her economy. In 2003, there was an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) which led to a drastic decrease in the number of international tourists and a fall in the price of property by 66%.. The bird flu pandemic (H5N1), which had broke out on a full scale around the same time, but had been around for years led to the loss of poultry and chicken by the millions(BEAPA,2008). Another recent setback to the growth of the Hong Kong economy was the Asian financial crisis that occurred between the late part of 1997 and earl 1998. There was a collapse in the stock markets of some south East Asia, Hong Kong being one of them leading to a sharp depreciation in the value of their currencies. These had been preceded by the devaluation of the currencies of the economies involved. It took a while for Hong Kong to regain her momentum from this impediment (Gary,2003). factors that have worked in Hong Kong's favor towards development There are several factors that have fostered Hong Kong's rapid economic growth, one being that the Hong Kong market is friendly and liberal, thus she is quick to adapt to changes in international marketing trends. Her banking system has a rock solid base, she carries minimal public debt and sufficient foreign exchange reserves. These factors are coupled with a strong legal system and a staunch stand taken in fighting corruption (BEAPA, 2008). She has benefited from China's joining the World Trade Organization in that the latter markets her as a growing commercial hub with an amiable business environment,

Comparison of Us Ceos and Ceos in Other Industrial Countries Essay Example for Free

Comparison of Us Ceos and Ceos in Other Industrial Countries Essay Nowadays, more and more people question whether US CEOs are overpaid compared to CEOs in other industrial countries or if they are paid fairly and deserve a larger share of the wealth they helped their companies earn. With the development of a global capitalist economy, laborers pay in the free market is increasing continuously. However, CEO pay increase is not in alignment with the average US worker’s pay increase, as Garofalo pointed out, â€Å"In 2011, US CEOs in the Fortune 500 made an average of $12 million, about 380 times what the average worker makes. This number increased from 343 times in 2010† (Garofalo, â€Å"Average Fortune†). When we compare the U.S CEO-to-worker ratio with other countries, the result is more shocking: In Japan, the CEO-to-worker ratio is 11:1; in Germany, 12:1; in Canada, 20:1, respectively. However, the U.S ratio approaches to 475:1 (Tampa bay Times). Are U.S CEOs really paid based on their actual performance? The answer is no. For example, from the article named â€Å"Introduction of GM†, the whole sale of GM decreased by 23% in 2008. However, GM’s CEO pay was as much as 200 times what a common worker would have; while at Toyota, it was only about a twentieth of what a worker earned (Yglesias, â€Å"Comparative CEO Salaries†). In 2008, GM’s CEO had $14.4 million in compensation, but the pay of Toyota’s CEO was under $1 million in the same period (Joules, â€Å"News vine†). Another example is William Weldon, the CEO of Johnson Johnson. In 2011, â€Å"JJ has been battered by 22 product recalls in 19 months because of the quality issues† (McIntyre, â€Å"American’s most overpaid†). The net earnings of JJ went down from 13.3 million in 2010 to 9.7 million in 2011. However, William Weldon still earned approximately 26 million in 2011, almost the same amount as his previous year (â€Å"JNJ| Income statement†). Some people believe that U.S CEOs are not overpaid, especially the good CEOs such as Steve Jobs. When Jobs returned to Apple as an interim CEO in 199 8, the stock price was only $2. However, because of his innovation, the products that he promoted such as iPhone and the whole i-series had brought Apple from near bankruptcy to extreme profitability. During the past 15 years, the growth rate of Apple’s stock price increased 235 times. Moreover, Apple’s annual revenue in 2012 reached $156.51 billion compared to $6.2 million in 2003 (Apple Inc.). Although Jobs only earned $1 annually, he held $5.43 million Apple shares worth $2.1 billion. Forbes estimated his net wealth at $8.3 billion in 2010 (â€Å"Steve Jobs†). Since Jobs had brought huge profits to Apple, he was considered worth the annual shares given to him by Apple as the company’s earnings were heavily based on his contribution and performance. To resolve the problem that US CEOs are overpaid, audit by independent board members is an important measure to ensure proper executive pay policies. Human Resource needs to play a key role in the distribution of fair wages. As author Crisp suggested, â€Å"When recruiting a CEO, HR can build a track record of taking action on the performance and contribution† (Crisp, â€Å"Is HR living up†). While setting up the salary of a CEO, HR can take the records of the CEO’s previous performance and pay as a reference. This also requires HR to do a solid research and then develop realistic compensation plans. Promoting this approach is a big challenge for an HR executive, yet it is a good opportunity to compensate fairly relative to earnings and in the long run, corporate survival may depend on it!

Charlie Chaplin Essay -- Essays Papers

Charlie Chaplin Charlie Chaplin Charles Spencer Chaplin was born in Walworth, London on April 16, 1889. His parents, Charles and Hannah Chaplin were music hall performers in England, his father was quite well know in the profession. Charlie had one sibling, a brother named Sydney. At a very early age Charlie was told that someday he would be the most famous person in the world. Charlie first appeared onstage at the age of six as an unscheduled substitute for his mother. When his performance was over the audience was throwing money up onto the stage, they loved him, and he was on his way to being the most famous person in he world. Charlie had a very difficult childhood, by the time he had performed onstage for the first time his father had already left home permently. In June of 1896 C...

Is the World Developing a Homogenous Culture? Essay -- Globalization

In response to globalization, many critics have become concerned with its effects on other cultures. Globalization is not merely the sharing of goods and people, but also the spread of ideology and values. So, what happens when the ideologies of different nations conflict? For those who support the cultural imperialism theory, the answer is simple? The more powerful countries’ ideas prevail, forcing the people of the less powerful country to quickly abandon their former ideas and adapt to the new ones. The result is that authentic cultures are ruined which will lead to a global homogeneous culture. However, those who oppose this theory contend that cultures are not ruined but expanded and enhanced to create more complex and diverse societies. In my paper I examined both arguments as well as the way in which American popular culture is spread. In particular, I will focus on the impact of American influence in Japan and Korea, both of which have been receptive to Americ an culture, and France. Most often, scholars cite media and business as the main form of cultural imperialism, but what is the true effect of watching American television and movies, listening to music, or eating a Big Mac? I don’t believe that there is a significant impact because while people from other cultures may emulate common American images and ideas, they also find different ways to adapt these new ideas into their traditional culture. These different methods of adaptation will lead to an even more complex global culture instead of a homogeneous one, while concepts of ethnocentrism will maintain diversity. Theories First, what is culture? Furthermore, is it destructible? Marvin Harris and Orna Johnson, the authors of Cultural Anthropology, r... ...cohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=16&hid=107&sid=c517a5a1-cad3-4e0a- 8850-8b75290ad3cc@sessionmgr114&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ== Rauth, R. (1988). The myth of cultural imperialism. The Freeman, 38(11), Retrieved from http://www.thefreemanonline.org/columns/the-myth-of-cultural-imperialism/ Rinaman, K. (n.d.). French film quotas and cultural protectionism . Retrieved from http://www1.american.edu/ted/frenchtv.htm Rothkopf, D. (1997). In praise of cultural imperialism?. Foreign Policy, (107), Retrieved from http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/protected/rothkopf.html Top 10 ways kfc in japan is different from kfc in the us . (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.facingtherisingsun.com/japan-travel-tips-eating/japan-kfc-different U.S. Department of State. (2012, March 5). U.s. department of state. Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/4142.htm Is the World Developing a Homogenous Culture? Essay -- Globalization In response to globalization, many critics have become concerned with its effects on other cultures. Globalization is not merely the sharing of goods and people, but also the spread of ideology and values. So, what happens when the ideologies of different nations conflict? For those who support the cultural imperialism theory, the answer is simple? The more powerful countries’ ideas prevail, forcing the people of the less powerful country to quickly abandon their former ideas and adapt to the new ones. The result is that authentic cultures are ruined which will lead to a global homogeneous culture. However, those who oppose this theory contend that cultures are not ruined but expanded and enhanced to create more complex and diverse societies. In my paper I examined both arguments as well as the way in which American popular culture is spread. In particular, I will focus on the impact of American influence in Japan and Korea, both of which have been receptive to Americ an culture, and France. Most often, scholars cite media and business as the main form of cultural imperialism, but what is the true effect of watching American television and movies, listening to music, or eating a Big Mac? I don’t believe that there is a significant impact because while people from other cultures may emulate common American images and ideas, they also find different ways to adapt these new ideas into their traditional culture. These different methods of adaptation will lead to an even more complex global culture instead of a homogeneous one, while concepts of ethnocentrism will maintain diversity. Theories First, what is culture? Furthermore, is it destructible? Marvin Harris and Orna Johnson, the authors of Cultural Anthropology, r... ...cohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=16&hid=107&sid=c517a5a1-cad3-4e0a- 8850-8b75290ad3cc@sessionmgr114&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ== Rauth, R. (1988). The myth of cultural imperialism. The Freeman, 38(11), Retrieved from http://www.thefreemanonline.org/columns/the-myth-of-cultural-imperialism/ Rinaman, K. (n.d.). French film quotas and cultural protectionism . Retrieved from http://www1.american.edu/ted/frenchtv.htm Rothkopf, D. (1997). In praise of cultural imperialism?. Foreign Policy, (107), Retrieved from http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/protected/rothkopf.html Top 10 ways kfc in japan is different from kfc in the us . (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.facingtherisingsun.com/japan-travel-tips-eating/japan-kfc-different U.S. Department of State. (2012, March 5). U.s. department of state. Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/4142.htm

Meaning of Justice in Islam Essay

Meaning of justice in islam In the Islamic worldview, justice denotes placing things in their rightful place. It also means giving others equal treatment. In Islam, justice is also a moral virtue and an attribute of human personality, as it is in the Western tradition. Justice is close to equality in the sense that it creates a state of equilibrium in the distribution of rights and duties, but they are not identical. Sometimes, justice is achieved through inequality, like in unequal distribution of wealth. The Prophet of Islam declared: â€Å"There are seven categories of people whom God will shelter under His shade on the Day when there will be no shade except His. [One is] the just leader. †(Saheeh Muslim) God spoke to His Messenger in this manner: â€Å"O My slaves, I have forbidden injustice for Myself and forbade it also for you. So avoid being unjust to one another. † (Saheeh Muslim) Thus, justice represents moral rectitude and fairness, since it means things should be where they belong. The importance of justice The Quran, the sacred scripture of Islam, considers justice to be a supreme virtue. It is a basic objective of Islam to the degree that it stands next in order of priority to belief in God’s exclusive right to worship (Tawheed) and the truth of Muhammad’s prophethood. God declares in the Quran: â€Å"God commands justice and fair dealing†¦ † (Quran 16:90) And in another passage: â€Å"O you who believe, be upright for God, and (be) bearers of witness with justice!†¦ † (Quran 5:8) Therefore, one may conclude that justice is an obligation of Islam and injustice is forbidden. The centrality of justice to the Quranic value system is displayed by the following verse: â€Å"We sent Our Messengers with clear signs and sent down with them the Book and the Measure in order to establish justice among the people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Quran 57:25) The phrase ‘Our Messengers’ shows that justice has been the goal of all revelation and scriptures sent to humanity. The verse also shows that justice must be measured and implemented by the standards and guidelines set by revelation. Islam’s approach to justice is comprehensive and all-embracing. Any path that leads to justice is deemed to be in harmony with Islamic Law. God has demanded justice and, although He has not prescribed a specific route, has provided general guidelines, on how to achieve it. He has neither prescribed a fixed means by which it can be obtained, nor has He declared invalid any particular means or methods that can lead to justice. Therefore, all means, procedures, and methods that facilitate, refine, and advance the cause of justice, and do not violate the Islamic Law are valid. Equality in justice The Quranic standards of justice transcend considerations of race, religion, color, and creed, as Muslims are commanded to be just to their friends and foes alike, and to be just at all levels, as the Quran puts it: â€Å"O you who believe! Stand out firmly for justice, as witnesses to Allah, even if it be against yourselves, your parents, and your relatives, or whether it is against the rich or the poor†¦ † (Quran 4:135) According to another Quranic passage: â€Å"Let not the hatred of a people swerve you away from justice. Be just, for this is closest to righteousness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Quran 5:8) With regards to relations with non-Muslims, the Quran further states: â€Å"God does not forbid you from doing good and being just to those who have neither fought you over your faith nor evicted you from your homes†¦ † (Quran 60:8) The scholars of the Quran have concluded that these rulings apply to all nations, followers of all faiths, as a matter of fact to all humanity. In the view of the Quran, justice is an obligation. That is why the Prophet was told: â€Å"†¦If you judge, judge between them with justice†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Quran 5:42) â€Å"We have revealed to you the scripture with the truth that you may judge between people by what God has taught you. † (Quran 4:105) Furthermore, the Prophet was sent as a judge between peoples, and told: â€Å"†¦Say: I believe in the Scripture, which God has sent down, and I am commanded to judge justly between you†¦ † (Quran 42:15) The Quran views itself as a scripture devoted mainly to laying down the principles of faith and justice. The Quran demands that justice be met for all, and that it is an inherent right of all human beings under Islamic Law. The timeless commitment of the Quran to the basic standards of justice is found in its declaration: â€Å"And the Word of your Lord has been fulfilled in truth and in justice. None can change His Words. † (Quran 6:115) To render justice is a trust that God has conferred on the human being and, like all other trusts, its fulfillment must be guided by a sense of responsibility beyond mere conformity to set rules. Thus, the Quran states: â€Å"God commands you to render trusts to whom they are due, and when you judge between people, judge with justice†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Quran 4:58) The reference to justice which immediately follows a reference to fulfillment of trusts indicates that it is one of the most important of all trusts. Justice and the Self The Quranic concept of justice also extends justice to being a personal virtue, and one of the standards of moral excellence that a believer is encouraged to attain as part of his God-consciousness.

Contribution and Marginal Costing Essay

This is an important business concept and must never be confused with profit. The contribution of a product refers to how much it contributes to the fixed costs and profit of the business once variable costs have been covered. It can be calculated either per unit of output or in terms of total contribution of all units produced. Contribution ignores fixed costs and only considers any surplus left once variable costs have been subtracted from revenue. Hence, contribution is what a product contributes towards the fixed costs of the business and, once these are paid, the profits of the business. Managers need to know, as accurately as possible, the cost of each product or service produced by the firm. One reason for this is the need to make a pricing decision. In fact, buyers of many products will want an estimated price or a quotation before they agree to purchase. Managers may also need to decide whether production should be stopped, stepped up or switched to new methods or new materials. Managers also need to compare actual product costs with original budgets and to compare the current period with past time periods. In calculating the cost of a product, both direct labor and direct materials are often easy to identify and allocate to each product. For instance, the materials used in making product X are allocated directly to the cost of that product. These are not the only costs involved. Overheads, or indirect costs, cannot be allocated directly to each product but must be ‘shared’ between all of the items produced by a business. There is more than one costing method that can be used to apportion these costs and, therefore, there may be more than one answer to the question: ‘How much does a product cost to produce?’ contribution costing method that only allocates direct costs to cost/profit centers not overhead costs. This approach to costing solves the problem of how to apportion or divide overhead costs between products – it does not apportion them at all. Instead, the method concentrates on two very important accounting concepts: †¢Marginal cost is the cost of producing an extra unit. This extra cost will clearly be a variable direct cost. For example, if the total cost of producing 100 units is $400 000 and the total cost of producing 101 units is $400 050, the marginal cost is $50. †¢The contribution to fixed costs and profit. This is the revenue gained from selling a product less its variable direct costs. This is not the same as profit, which can only be calculated after overheads have also been deducted. For example, if that 101st unit with a variable (marginal) cost of $50 is sold for $70, it has made a contribution towards fixed costs of $20. The unit contribution is found as the difference between the sale price ($70) and the extra variable cost ($50), that is $20.

Technology Helps Starbucks Find New Ways to Compete Essay

1. Analyze Starbucks using the competitive forces and value chain models. The environment in which the specialty coffee industry had to compete during the 2008 was made up of cheaper fast food chain and global economic downturn. Compare with McDonald’s and Dunkin’ Donuts, Starbucks offers a unique experience: high-end specialty coffees and beverages, friendly and knowledgeable servers, and customer-friendly coffee shops. However more and more customers complain that the Starbucks lost their hip and local feel. Under this circumstance, the new entrants are much more easy to enter the specialty coffee area, because Starbucks would generally lost their specialty in coffee industry, and coffee industry does not put a high premium on economies of scale. The primary substitute products posing a potential threat to specialty coffee were the caffeinated soft drinks produced by Pepsi and Coca-Cola. Competitors like Pepsi and Coca-Cola offered beverages, which had the caffeine in herent in specialty coffee, at significantly lower prices. (Quelch, 2006) Since the taste of the customers never discount, Starbuck need to refine their product and service quality. Moreover, with the development of the technology, Starbuck customers would require intelligent IT support during their consumption. Thus the suppliers of Starbucks has branched out to app suppliers and IT industry suppliers. In order to deal with the profits plunge in 2008, Starbucks decide to overhaul its business using in store technology, aggressive product differentiation strategy and lean their management and working processions. By using the in store technology, Starbucks district managers can do most of their work sitting at a table in one of the stores they oversee. To enhance human resource, Starbucks created a 10-person â€Å"lean team† whose job is to travel the country visiting franchises and coaching them in lean techniques made famous by automaker Toyota’s production system. To save the time the employee to make a drink, Starbuck set out to streamline the business processes used in each of its stores so that baristas do not need to bend down to scoop coffee, cutting down on idle time while waiting for coffee to drain, and finding ways to reduce the amount of time each employee spends making a drink. Thanks to the improvement of technology, human resource, procurement and firm infrastructure, Starbucks elevated their support activities and expend their margin. 2. What is  Starbucks’ business strategy? Assess the role played by technology in this business strategy. First, the company has revamped its in-store technology and sought to integrate its business processes with wireless technology and the mobile digital platform. Also, rather than copy the practices of competitors, Starbucks pursued a more aggressive product differentiation strategy, intended to emphasize the high quality of its beverages and efficient and helpful customer service. At the same time, however, Starbucks also focused on becoming ‘lean’, like many of its competitors, eliminating inefficiency wherever possible. 3. How much has technology helped Starbucks compete? Explain your answer. The technology helped Starbucks increase the in-store presence of district managers by25 percent without adding any extra managers. And the use of digital mobile platform and Wi-Fi make Starbucks welcome among customers. In Action: 1. What functions are provided by the Web site? The website of Starbucks provides their company cultures, coffee profiles, coffee house, responsibility, card and deals, on-line shops and on-line customer service. 2. How does the Web site support Starbucks’ business strategy? The web site provide on-line coffee house to give their customers more than their expected, the music WI-FI community provide the entertainment, on-line community and IT support all together. At the same time, the coffee profile and menu show the diversity of their products and service. Burton Snowboards Speeds Ahead with Nimble Business Processes 1. Analyze Burton using the value chain and competitive forces models. From the competitive forces point, Burton controlled almost half of the market at its peak, that is to say the barrier for the new entrants to this industry is quiet high, because Burton has occupied most market, and the way to compete with Burton means large economic scale investment. And the core techniques of Burton had been refined for years. If the new entrants want to break the predomination of Burton, they should have much more edgy management and skills. Same rules, the threat of substitute production is low. While its market power of suppliers is stable, because material of snowboard is simple  and the component of snowboard is relative exclusive and the manufacture technique will not face fluctuant revolution. On the other hand, customers require more and more diversified and delicate service, especially for the young customers who would ask for more personal designs. To enhance the value cha in, Burton snowboard need to add technology support, improve its systems for inventory, supply chain, purchasing, and customer service. In the past, Burton’s information systems were a hodgepodge of inconsistently implemented and underutilized software. The company had to manually allocate product to customers and orders. But now, Burton applied SAP Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software to resolve problems this way without adding new layers of complexity to its IT infra-structure, and the company gained proficiency with SAP enterprise software in the process. For the primary activities, since Burton revamped their data and order system, Burton’s inbound logistics and outbound logistics become much more scientific and effective. Therefore, the dealers reorder with Burton to replenish their stock or to buy new products. 2. Why the business processes are described in this case such an important source of competitive advantage for Burton? Because Burton wanted to speed up this process so that its dealers and retail customers would have more precise information about the availability of products not currently in stock. 3. Explain exactly how these process improvements enhance Burton’s operational performance and decision making? SAP analysts helped Burton identify the top five transactions that were the most critical to busi-ness operations and that needed optimization from a systems standpoint. Other processes in need of improvement included the order-to-cash process (receiving and processing customer sales, including order entry, fulfillment, distribution, and payment); the handling of overdue purchase orders in the procure-to-pay process, which consists of all the steps from purchasing goods from a supplier to paying the supplier; and the electronic data interchange (EDI) inventory feed extra ct transaction In Action: 1. What is the purpose of this Web site? How does it support the company’s goals? The web site is aimed to achieve product advertisement, Prospect generation, Direct sales, Business-to-business sales, Customer support and Education. Burton set a concise and attractive web site to attract customers  to drill down into the culture of the product and the company so that to show their product confidence as well as their humanistic service. 2. What functions at this Web site are related to the business processes discussed in this case? How did improving those processes impact the Web site? The website displays all Burton stores on it to guide customers for a better shopping. Also, the website provide Help column to deal with techniques problems and service reflection. Since the website opens on-line shopping channel, the order information can processed directly in their ERP system . Will Technology Save the Publishing Industry? 1. Evaluate the impact of the Internet on newspaper and book publishers using the value chain and competitive forces models. When the information dynasty comes, publishing industry, the torch bear of civilization, has to facing the big revolution. As a pass way to deliver knowledge and news, publishing industry’s competitors are television, radio, and theaters and so on. But now the powerful new entrant: internet, is driving publishing industry to a digital division. Instead of traditional paper based book and newspaper, the e-book is a much more popular substitute products. At the same time, suppliers are pursuing a higher margin between high cost printed publications and low cost e-publications. And more and more your readers prefer to use electric devices to read â€Å"books† and â€Å"newspapers†. 2. How are newspapers and book publishers changing their business models to deal with the Internet and e-book technology? One option is to share revenue with Internet partners such as Google and Yahoo. Another is to charge fees for newspaper content delivered to new reading devices, including smartphones, e-readers, iPads, and tablets, which enable online newspapers to be read everywhere. A third option is to charge fees for â€Å"premium† news and opinion. But because advertising remains a major source of revenue, the newspapers must clearly figure out how to grow their online revenue fast enough to offset their losses from print advertising. 3. How can newspaper and book publishers take better advantage of the Internet? What will it take for them to benefit from e-books? Explain your answer. Publishing companies have begun investing more resources in the Kindle and iPad as delivery platforms for their books and less money in traditional delivery platforms, like print news and bound books. Through this digital platform, publishers can win the  new channel to sale publications as well as win back their ad sponsors. 4. Will technology be able to save the newspaper and book publishing industries? Explain your answer. Yes, technology will provide a new way to publishers which is publishing through digital information system such as e-readers, ipad, mobile devices and on the internet. The essential meaning of publishing industry is still brisk, only the outer form changed. DEFINITION: BPR: This radical rethinking and redesign of business processes is called business process reengineering (BPR). BPM: Business process management (BPM) is an approach to business which aims to continuously improve business processes. Disruptive technologies: disruptive technologies are substitute products that perform as well or better than anything currently produced. Value Chain Modelï ¼Å¡The value chain model highlights specific activities in the business where competitive strategies can best be applied (Porter, 1985) and where information systems are most likely to have a strategic impact. This model identifies specific, critical leverage points where a firm can use information technology most effectively to enhance its competitive position.

Human Resource Development College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human Resource Development College - Essay Example Thus, it is necessary for managers to understand organizational behavior. Organizational Behavior studies focus on three aspects: the individuals, groups & structure. Some of the day to day operations issues of organizations that organizational behavior studies address are change management, motivation, groups, employment turnover, conflict, work design, work stress, leadership issues, power & interpersonal communication. Managers need to understand organization behavior in order to be successful in their four management functions of planning, organizing, leading & controlling. I The Individual: While assigning duties and responsibilities, managers need to take account of the individual's abilities. Ability is defined as "an individual's capacity to perform the various tasks in a job." Human beings are believed to be equal. However, this is not true when talking in organizational context .People have there own individual abilities. Intellectual ability is defined as "That required to do mental activities". There are various dimensions of intellectual ability including aptitude, verbal comprehension, perceptual speed, inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, spatial visualization, & memory. Physical ability is defined "as that required to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength and similar characteristics". A manager needs to conduct a stock count of skills and abilities preset in his workforce that he can utilize to achieve the ability-job fit. Matching abilities to the job design is necessary to enhance employee performance. Personality is defined as the sum total of ways in which an individual interacts with others. Every individual has a different personality. The determinants of personality are heredity, environment & situation. Personality traits are characteristics of personality in different situations. These traits describe an individual's behavior. Research has been conducted to isolate and identify different personality characteristics. Myers Briggs Type Indicator is one of the most frequently used personality tests. The Myers Briggs type indicator is a personality test that identifies four characteristics and classifies people into 16 personality types. The sixteen primary personality traits are reserved vs outgoing, less intelligent Vs more intelligent, affected by feelings vs emotionally stable, submissive vs dominant, serious vs happy go lucky, expedient vs conscientious, timid vs venturesome, tough minded vs sensitive, trusting vs suspicious, practical vs imaginative, forthright vs shrewd, self assureds apprehensive, conservative vs experimenting, group dependent vs self sufficient, uncontrolled vs controlled and relaxed vs tensed. The Myers Briggs Type Indicator is criticized for lack of supporting evidence. The Five Factor model or the Big Five Model is being used more often because of the high amount of research that supports this model. According to the Big Five model five basic personality dimensions underlie al others. The big five factors are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness to experience. Today's managers also face the challenge of making decisions that are in compliance with the values , ethics and culture of the society that they operate in and the sub culture f their own organization. This problem always existed but has intensified due to globalization and expanding of international business. Values are defined as "basic convictions that a specific mode of

Motivating and Retaining Employees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Motivating and Retaining Employees - Essay Example One problem that may be identified with the Company is the need for the human resource department to design and implement measures to promote retention of these valuable employees. Since the Company attracts highly skilled and capable employees, the same employees will also be valued by the rival, competitor firms and McKinsey and Company must take steps to ensure that employees feel valued and appreciated, so that the Company is able to retain them rather than losing them to competitor firms. This Paper will identify measures that have been found to be successful in attracting and retaining good employees so that the Company can retain a good competitive advantage in the market. It will assess the relative benefits of monetary rewards as compared to intrinsic rewards such as recognition and which policy may better serve the company in promoting retention of the best employees. Several companies have successfully achieved a competitive advantage through the restructuring of their human resource management systems to provide financial benefits to employees, as pointed out by Schuler and Macmillan (1984). In the Bairnco Corporation, bonuses were linked to performance for top-level executives and the company was able to almost double its sales from $270 million to $442 million in the short span of two years. In the case of Lincoln Electric, workers receive a share in the profits, which imbues workers with a high motivation to produce. When employees are offered profit sharing and incentives, it may help to enhance their performance and increase retention. Oller (2002) discusses how employees at various design and printing firms are rewarded for jobs well done with monetary benefits, such as gift cash vouchers, free lunches or contributions for educational purposes. Such reward and recognition for work done well functions as a strong motivation for employees and helps them.

Sadi Carnot & Heat Engine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sadi Carnot & Heat Engine - Research Paper Example Any device that converts heat into work by means of a cyclic process is called a heat engine. This is the principle under which physician Carnot developed the Carnot heat engine. A Carnot heat engine is a theoretical engine that functions on the Principle of Carnot cycle which is the process of how heat engine operates in terms of its efficiency and energy conversion. The Carnot model was first developed by Nicolas LÃ ©onard Sadi Carnot in the year 1824 and later advanced in terms of its mathematical computation. This resulted to a concept of entropy which is the conversion of energy from one level to another. The Carnot heat engine operates by transferring energy from two reservoirs i.e hot to cold region. The most efficient process for energy conversion that supersedes the second law of thermodynamics is the Carnot cycle. The cycle consists of isothermal phase and two adiabatic processes. According to the second law of thermodynamics, not all heat is used to do work in a machine hence the efficiency depends on the rate of heat conversion. Under the Carnot cycle, the efficiency of the machine is improved since it sets the limit value of heat energy that can be used to do work. In order for a machine to obtain the Carnot efficiency threshold, the processes involved in the heat engine cycle must be reversible and there should be no heat loss or change in entropy. Therefore in any given machine, the Carnot cycle is the core central function in the machine system. The P-V diagram below illustrates the operation of a Carnot engine. The concept of Carnot engines and Carnote cycle is dated way back in eighteenth century when it was first discovered by a scientist, Nicolas L. Sadi Carnote. Sir Carnote discovery was on how efficient can engines convert thermal energy to mechanical energy than the existing engines which were based on second law of thermodynamics. He discovered that "perfect

Anti-trust behavior of Microsoft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anti-trust behavior of Microsoft - Essay Example Further, there were no technical barriers to enter into the market as the product was not developed by using some unique skills or material which were not available to other suppliers in the market.   (Chan, The Seattle Times)There are however, certain other conditions to be met if one can completely characterize a firm as a pure monopoly. One of the key characteristics of monopoly market structure is the high barriers to entry either through technological sophistication or through other legal barriers. Further, seller must have the ability to discriminate on price by either reducing the quantity or price in order to sell more. It was the overall quality and ease with which a general consumer can use Microsoft’s operating system which made it the number one choice for the consumers. The price as well as the graphical user interface of the operating system actually made it simpler for the end users to operate the system.Monopolies could be good because they are quick to achie ve the economies of scale and avail lower average variable cost. Low cost therefore could result into the low prices therefore monopolies could be helpful in allowing consumers to enjoy lower prices. For example, Google’s search engine services are offered free of cost despite the fact that Google also has achieved the virtual status of a monopoly in the search engine market. Though Google is a monopoly however, its services are offered free of cost to every user therefore this type of monopoly can be good.

Terrorism Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Terrorism Paper - Essay Example This covers the terrorist groups and activities originating from within the European continent, and also the involvement of terrorist organizations and activities from outside Europe. The paper also will also discuss how terrorism operates in both method and rationale, such as going over examples of their various modus operandi and goals. There will also be discussion of the foreign support and involvement of other countries to these groups, whether within or outside Europe, and their alleged agendas or reasons for doing so. At the tail end of this paper, there will be theoretical recommendations or applications in dealing with the issue of terrorism in Europe. As such, possible practical scenarios could be given as examples based from the analysis of the research made for this paper. Insight can also be given as a personal output in reference to the information studied for this research. Before discussing the various terrorist acts in 20th century Europe, it should first be understood what terrorism is and how one is defined as a terrorist. Usually, an individual is considered a terrorist if he or she has political goals or beliefs that are strong motivations to commit acts of violence against their enemies, regardless if done on non-combatants. It can be said then that terrorism is an act of violence made against non-combatants or civilians for the purpose of waging a psychological warfare of fear. This can be in the form of indiscriminate bombings, assassinations, and sabotage in highly populated civilian areas. These actions are done for a politically or culturally motivated goal and made aware through violent and fearful acts. Modern European history has many incidents and episodes of violent terrorist acts. Perhaps one of the most well known would be the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife by a Serbian nationalist radical by the name of Gavrilo Princip. The attack was motivated by an individual