The American Revolution Was NOT Justified :: Americas Unjust Revolution

Any historical event with-world changing consequences will always have two sides to the story. What most Americans refer to today as the American Revolution is no different. As Americans, most of us view eighteenth-century England as a tyrannical power across the ocean, and see men like George Washington as heroes who fought against the oppressor. If history and wars were that simple, everyone would understand them, and the need for wars would be diminished. The truth is, England was not the least bit tyrannical to the colonies. Actually, the rebels had no idea, nor any intention of establishing a new and separate government "of the people, by the people, and for the people." They only meant to make a statement and attempt to avoid every tax that Parliament could dream up in the process. Across the Atlantic Ocean in England's Parliame nt, some men such as William Pitt and Edmund Burke understood opposition to taxes by the American colonists. After all, the colonies had been all but ignored by England since they were established in the early part of the seventeenth century up until the Seven Years War (1756 - 1763). Other men such as George Grenville and Charles Townshend did not understand at all the protests against any taxes implemented by Parliament . These men felt that was not only the right of Parliament to demand taxes, but also their duty to raise money for the Crown. Parliament had the power to demand a tax of every British citizen in the empire, and these men had developed their own ideas about how those taxes would be implemented.

Pertaining to psychology Essay

An article in Psychology Today regarding the concepts of alcoholism as a hereditary factor is analyzed and discussed with attributes to scientific facts and statistical claims. Written by the Psychology Today staff, the article; Is It In The Genes? Driven to drink: Does alcoholism run in the family?, begins by proclaiming that 60% of alcoholics have at least on alcoholic parent. Given this number, the question is then raised as to whether the â€Å"disease† is caused by â€Å"wayward genes or lost dreams.† Though claimed as a mystery, the article foreshadows an answer by stating that studies say both sides may be right. The article states that investigators have concluded that there are two types of alcoholics among men – those with beginnings to alcohol abuse before the age of 25, and those whose disease progresses at later periods in life. Of these two types, those with the early beginnings are more inclined to have incidence of family related alcoholism, which suggests a genetic predisposition. Astonishingly, this particular group is stated to comprise 40% of the estimated million male alcoholics in the United States. Not surprising however, this group is most commonly associated with violent behavior. On the other end of the scale, the men who have shown to become alcoholic later in life show a commonality of less family involvement. Their abuse is attributed more to a sought relief from stress and/or anxiety. Given these results, and the possibility of genetic predispositions, many research studies have been conducted in an effort to single out a common chromosomal defect. Fingers have been pointed at a gene which affects the ability of brain cells to respond to dopamine, which is believed to be a reason that alcoholics abuse alcohol – an unaware effort to boost dopamine levels. Other beliefs sway toward what is called a â€Å"mean gene† that impairs the proper actions of serotonin, a chemical stimulant in the brain. As these studies and the researchers who have concluded them debate about the actual culprit, a recent opinion has been declared by Frederick K. Goodwin, M.D. who is the head of the National Institute of Mental Health. Per the article, Goodwin states that there may be more than one single gene involved with alcoholism, much the same as with diabetes. Goodwin also believes that future research may conclude a common genetic predisposition to a complete host of addictions of any range. In sum, Goodwin believes there may be a common thread among all addicts, but that specific characteristics may perpetuate certain cases. Pertaining to psychology, this article is a fantastic way of raising the questions of psychological issues in addiction. It contradicts the actuality that alcoholism, or addiction altogether, is strictly a sect of the psyche which can be overcome through psychological treatment. This article gives simple, yet concise examples and statistics which proclaim the possibility of hereditary predispositions to alcohol addiction, thus ruling out a strong possibility of psychological defect. Though it could be argued that a psychological predisposition could be genetically evident, the concepts of hereditary factors appear to be more supportive of genetic makeup and not learned behavior, which is a common belief toward alcoholism in European societies. This article is very informative of the most recent approaches toward the diagnostics of alcoholism, and as to where the modern understandings of its illness are derived. In conclusive reaction, this particular article is educational to those who are both aware of the dynamics and characteristics of alcoholics and those completely ignorant of the issue. I am pleased with its content, directive, and overall conveyance of matter. BIBLIOGRAPHY: The PT Staff;   Psychology Today – Is It In the Genes? Driven to drink: Does alcoholism run in the family? Sussex Publishers, LLC 2006

Effects of Globalization in China Essay

When it comes to globalization people will ask some questions. What is globalization? It seems that people who know little about globalization are out of date and lag far behind modern trends. Simon Jeffery (2002) asserts that globalization is the mixing of cultural and economic influences from around the world that has been going on for the last five hundred years. With the development of the global market in China, globalization plays an important role that is undeniably because China has the fastest growing economy in the world. Globalization provides good conditions for expanding international exchanges and strengthening mutual communication between different countries. Although there are many facets to globalization, the increasing acceptance of this concept has resulted in a certain homogenization of views, both economic and political as well as in cultural systems, but most noticeably in economics. (Diane Perrons 2004) The most obvious impact of globalization is as an economic phenomenon, the promotion of free trade in goods, both exports and imports, accompanied by the exchange of labour and services. China has a long history of trade, from the Han Dynasty onwards the Silk Road was the artery of communication which extended across continents as far as Rome itself, then the capital of a world empire. However, throughout the Ming and Qing dynasties China pursued a policy of economic protectionism, leading to a long period of isolation that was brought to an abrupt end with the Opium Wars. The resulting economic degradation enforced by the victorious British had such disastrous consequences for modern China that it was not until the advent of Deng Xiaoping and his reform and opening up policy that China’s development was accepted as inseparable from the outside world. (George T Crane 1999) In recent years the extent to which globalization has been gaining in popularity has increased at an amazing rate in China. The benefits of modern economic globalization since opening up are indisputably reflected in the nation’s booming economy so that China can only be considered undeveloped in comparison to the most developed nations. However, globalization does not always pose equal benefits and risks to all nations. With the developing of the economy in China, the inequality between developing countries and developed countries has been increasing and the gaps between the very poor and the very rich are becoming wider. China has an overwhelming advantage compared with most of the developing countries in terms of finance and the level of technology, culture and science but it is still the superpower countries and other developed capitalist countries which control the main situation of economic globalization in the world. Many people believe that opportunists, both individually and nationally, use globalization purely as a means to increase their profits at China’s expense. The advent of globalization in its present form would not have been possible without adaptations in national politics. Some view globalization as the means to create a form of world government or a union of governments, for example within the World Trade Organization, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, which helps to regulate the relationships between different countries and provide guarantees for the rights of peoples affected by the increase of economic and social globalization. (Francesco Stipo 2007) Recently, it has become more noticeable how the Chinese political authorities regularly cite the advances in ‘socialist construction’ and the vitality of new economic growth as an indication of national success. The association with other powers has encouraged the Chinese government to open up in all directions, by lowering tariffs, opening services to foreign competition, promoting exports and welcoming foreign trade the government has allowed a free exchange of ideas in all directions and helped China to become a more prosperous, strong, democratic and culturally advanced socialist country. Unfortunately, these benefits may carry a hidden danger. Since the end of the Second World War the United States has held an overall position of supremacy amongst the other nations of the world, a position which is enhanced by the power and wealth of the American economy. Due to the influence of globalization and to some extent the assistance of the United States’ itself, the People’s Republic of China has enjoyed a period of incredible growth within the last ten years. Should this rate of growth continue at the predicted levels over the next twenty years, there is a strong possibility of a major redistribution of influence among the leading nations. China could become the main rival of the United States and challenge America’s position as the world’s leading superpower. (Charles E Hurst 2007) It will take great political skill from fundamentally opposed ideologies to avoid serious resentment and possible conflict as a consequence of such a drastic shift in the balance of power. Alongside the other developments in globalization, there has been an increasing change to the original culture of China. According to David Held & Anthony McGrew (2002), national societies developed during a long period in which people were mainly content to live within their own native cultures. Although the spread of the world’s major religions can be seen as an early form of globalization, which brought new ideas and made many social impacts, this was a relatively slow process taking decades and centuries in China. People migrating from other countries and holding different beliefs naturally find it difficult to adapt to local customs but China has a long history of absorbing whole populations with diverse ethnic backgrounds. As a result of the economic and political benefits brought by globalization, people have increased their standard of living and enjoy foreign products and ideas. Modern developments in communication are widely available even in the remotest regions and many people want to acquire the equivalent of a westernized urban lifestyle. On the other hand, those who are against this trend suggest that modern globalization creates an atmosphere where there is a possible danger of the original national culture disappearing and that it exerts a negative impact on the preservation of national characteristics. While globalization advocates an open face policy, many people see this as a threat leading to erroneous concepts and a lowering of ethical standards, a kind of selfish and individualistic lifestyle which is harmful. For example, the preference for Hollywood films, shoppers buying from international malls, more people eating western food and staying in luxury hotels. Increasingly, people want the chance to live in foreign countries where they can have this lifestyle but the resulting ‘brain drain’ is considered a problem since it is mainly the educated and skilled workers who are leaving China. Gregory Chow 2006) Globalization is changing an increasing number of people’s daily life in China and it is difficult to predict the eventual cost in cultural damage to such a traditional people. To sum up, from what has been discussed about globalization, how does this affect China and her position in the world? Globalization could be identified as the means to end any con flict between different interests because different groups of people hold different views, ideologies, perspectives and methodologies. Globalization might have the impetuous to resolve the complicated competition between China and other countries. However, China should take some measures to protect both the national and local culture and consider adjusting the economic pace in the rush to catch up with other countries. As to the result, it might be very difficult to safeguard against the worst aspects of globalization and to preserve China and maintain that unique heritage which is such a feature in the world.

Concept of National and Transnational Entities

Concept of National and Transnational Entities This essay looks into national and transnational entities. The essay looks into characteristics of modern nation states and makes distinctions between nation, state and nation states. Further, the essay considers how the United States fits into the description of a nation state.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of National and Transnational Entities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The essay also discusses transnational entities with the European Union as a perfect example of such. Finally, the interrelations between the United States and the European Union are discussed to illustrate how nation states engage with transnational entities to achieve their interests A nation state is a defined territory occupied by people of a given cultural background. An example of a modern nation state is Portugal. Portugal is a nation state because the Portuguese; which is a distinct cultural group has occupied the defined te rritory over a long period of time. The Portuguese form nationhood while the territory that frames area of political jurisdiction frames the state. A nation differs from a state in the sense that a state refers to a political entity while a nation is characterized more by cultural and ethnic characteristics (Perry, Perry, 1999, p. 343). A nation state therefore refers to a political entity or territory under the jurisdiction of a given political regime and is characterized by a people of certain distinct cultural or ethnic characteristics. Additionally, modern nation states have one common culture, a constitution, a currency system and a distinct national language. A nation can be described as a union of people who come together as one unit based on same language or culture. For example, England is a nation composed of English people. The English have distinctive language and cultural practices. A state is a territory manned by one government that controls all within the boundaries on behalf of the people in the territory (Perry, Perry, 1999, p. 342). A state establishes a clear legal systems that governs or directs or operations. An example of a state is South Africa. As already discussed, the nation state is where people of same cultural characteristics or background are under one political entity or state (Perry, Perry, 1999, p. 168). A good example of a nation state as already indicated is Portugal.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The United States of America has all the characteristics of a modern nation state. A modern nation state is characterized by a defined territory over which one government exercises jurisdiction and the people share in a common culture. The USA is a territory with defined boundaries over which the central government in Washington exercises jurisdiction. The boundaries frame the fixed territory that is USA. T he territory does not change and is recognized internationally. American is a sovereign nation state. Sovereignty refers to total jurisdiction over a territory that can not be interfered with by any outside force. The US government exercises sovereign power over all that goes on in the fixed territory that is recognized internationally. International recognition of a state is crucial because it provides for the mutual respect between nation states. The mutual respect guarantees sovereignty because any country or state that interferes in the operations of another risks aggression from other states. Common culture is a phrase that refers to values, beliefs, traditions that are shared by a given people (Perry, Perry, 1999, p. 153). Americans are very distinctive people because of the common culture in which they share. Some of the characteristic cultural values or characteristics that Americans share are a strong belief in freedom, assertiveness, change oriented and casualness in thei r approach to issues. Some of these cultural values were either borrowed from other cultures e.g. in the course of colonization by the English. There are days recognized by the government I. e. the national holidays such as the veterans day, independence day, thanks giving day, memorial day and the labor day (Perry, Perry, 1999, p. 185). United States is the most influential country in the world and wields a lot of influence on other countries’ foreign policies. The main objective of the US foreign policy is to promote democratic values for the benefit of Americans and all other nations. The second major objective is to safe guard the interests of the Americans in international engagement e.g. by ensuring American businesses in other countries are safe. A transnational entity refers to a political-economic and social entity composed of many nation states under a harmonized structure. The European Union is a good example of a transnational entity (Perry, Perry, 1999, p. 463) . The organization was realized after a number of developments that have their roots in World War II. World War II had devastating effects on the political economy and social structures in many European nations. To deal with post WWII challenges, a number of unconsolidated bodies were formed among European nations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of National and Transnational Entities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The unconsolidated bodies gradually transformed themselves in a number of European communities. In 1992, the Maastricht treaty augmented or set pace for the formation of a supranational outfit. The different pillars or the European Union took shape through the Amsterdam and Nice treaties. Finally in 2007 through the Lisbon treaty, the European Union with its current institutions and characteristics was established. The European Union has five institutions that run its affairs. The first institut ion is the EU parliament. This parliament has representatives elected from different EU countries. The members of the EU parliamentarians are elected directly by the citizens of member countries. The second institution is the EU presidency which rotates on a six month basis. Every six months, a new EU member takes over the chairmanship or presidency of the EU council. The EU council is a decision making body composed of ministers from member nations. The European commission is another institution that makes proposals with regards to legislation that is considered by parliament and council. The EU has a court of Justice which interprets EU legislation so that the different national courts do not hold different views on the same. The final EU institution is the Court of Auditors which ensures EU funds are spent appropriately. As currently instituted, the European Union facilitates closer relation among member countries and acts as a counter power to the influence of super powers like the US in the world. It consolidates the capacity of member nations into one capacity that is best placed to compete in the globalized world. The current foreign policy objectives of the EU are in tandem with ensuring world security and economic growth for its member nations through benefits that accrue from its increased market potential. National states and transnational entities aim at safeguarding their interests on the global scene through a number of ways. In international trade, USA and the European Union have engaged in either multilateral and bilateral arrangements or alliances aimed at better trading between them. The multilateral and bilateral arrangements aim at establishing favorable treatment of goods from given countries thus facilitating more trade. Through diplomacy, which is also called soft power, the transnational entities and nation states influence how decisions that affect the whole world are determined. For example, in recent talks about global warming, the U S came in strongly and diplomatically roped in a few allies to help pass some helpful resolution in relation to cutting on carbon emissions. Diplomacy is one key tool for both national states and international entities to safeguard their interests. Another tool that is used is threat of force. Countries like the USA have bullied some other smaller countries into towing the line or risk invasion. The European Union as a block is a huge military power. Through use of their collective security capacity i.e. organs like NATO have safeguarded both interests of member nation states and the transnational entities as a whole (Perry, Perry, 1999, p. 485).Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The efforts nation states and transnational entities take to safeguard their interests directly impact on the balance of power in international politics. When nations form alliances or transnational entities take unilateral foreign policy decisions, they directly affect the balance of power in international politics (Perry, Perry, 1999, p. 487). The efforts make some countries sovereignty more compromised than others. When sovereignty is compromised, it means that such a country does not have much clout with which to safeguard its interests. In conclusion, the formation of transnational entities and alliances has made nationhood and state jurisdiction even more porous. Consequently, sovereignty of nations is no longer as sacrosanct as it was traditionally. With globalization and tendency towards more interrelation between nations, many states remain as merely territories but much that goes on within them is controlled internationally. The interaction between nation states and engag ements of transnational entities tilts international politics. Reference List Perry, J. A., Perry, E., (1999). Contemporary Society: An Introduction to Social Science. 9th Ed., Boston: Allyn and Bacon,

These Tips Will Help You Decide on the Company to Buy Papers From

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Coca-Cola and the Evolution of Advertising Research Paper

Coca-Cola and the Evolution of Advertising - Research Paper Example Christened Coca-Cola by Pemberton’s accountant, the bookkeeper spelled out the product’s name in his distinctive script, which remains an integral part of the brand to this day. (heritage.coca-cola.com)Christened Coca-Cola by Pemberton’s accountant, the bookkeeper spelled out the product’s name in his distinctive script, which remains an integral part of the brand to this day. (heritage.coca-cola.com) Bought by local tycoon Asa Candler in 1886, the formula was bottled and marketed across the nation.   Early ads featured ladies and children to an inordinate degree.   The subjects were bright-eyed and cherub-cheeked, conservative images even for the time.   The first â€Å"celebrity spokesperson† was a Boston actress named Hilda Clark.   This is an early example of the use of famous persons as company spokespeople (http://www.dirjournal.com). Aside from their visual components, each ad also touted the merits of the drink.   The word that app eared over and over was â€Å"refreshed.†   The website    http://www.dirjournal.comhas a display of Coke images over the years that show this.   An ad from the 1890s features both a grown man and a young boy sipping the soft drink at a lunch counter.   Beneath this are the words â€Å"It satisfies the thirsty and helps the weary.†    A second one from the same era shows gaily dressed women at a restaurant table.   On a sign behind them, the message â€Å"Coca-Cola revives and sustains† is presented.   Developing this theme, later advertisements urged drinkers to â€Å"shop refreshed,† â€Å"lunch refreshed,† and â€Å"drive refreshed.† Appeals to the drink’s invigorating power are likely references to its high caffeine content.   This is known in marketing circles as â€Å"transformational appeal.† (Advertising appeal)   The underlying message is that using the promoted product will effect positive change in the consumer.   This same strategy used today in commercials for makeup, skin care products, and home exercise equipment.   In the late 1800s, the pitch of choice for Coca-Cola is that it would transform weary, worn out people into ones bursting with vigor and pep.

Alternative Energy Sources Solar Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Alternative Energy Sources Solar Energy - Essay Example Research indicates that solar energy has the capacity to satisfy all the energy requirements of all the people in this world. In fact, it can do the same in just one year, if all the sunlight falling on all parts of the world is harvested. Usage and concept of solar energy is no new concept and it exists in its simplest and passive form since ancient Greeks. However, for the past three to four decades there has been a lot of research in this field. Production of solar vehicles, automobiles, boats, aircrafts and others have made important news. Quite understandably, solar energy provides quite a lot of advantages over the traditional sources of energy generation. Firstly, this method is extremely cost effective since all the consumers need to pay is the fixed cost of buying and installing the machine on their roofs and the rest is free. Secondly, they reduce the risk of the hazards and environmental concerns developed by the use of oil as fuel. Thirdly, solar energy is pretty much useable even in most remote areas moreover the culture of the United states suits it since most of the homes have their own roof tops for installation of these machines. The United States has been doing a lot for promotion of solar energy. Currently, the United States is getting less than 1000 MW of electricity from solar energy but it aims at increasing it more than six times by the end of 2014 (Richards, 32-46). Moreover, currently the governments is providing with many incentives like tax exemptions, soft cheap easy loan facility, leasing, installments, rebates, bonds and others to encourage people to shift to using solar energy. Consider the following scenarios. Experts all around the world agree to the fact that the United States of America did not launch the war in Iraq for the search of Weapons for Mass Destruction nor it was