The Experimental Method And Experimental Research

One thing I have learned about psychology is that research and experimental studies are what make up what we know today within this field. Through the experimental method we take steps to get knowledge about a chosen subject, in doing so, we are able to predict phenomenon, analyze cause, and effect and relationships between variables. We make observations, form hypothesis, make predictions, and do experiments, analyze the results of an experiment, draw a conclusion and finally we report findings and results of the experiment. The experimental method and experimental research is important to society because it helps us to learn about the world that surrounds us and helps to improve our everyday lives. If any of the steps in the experimental method were to be skipped or done in a different order information and data could be misinterpreted, in result, the experiment, its participants and its purpose would unreliable (Passer, 2014). To explain how to conduct each step of the experimental study I want to discuss an experimental study which uses a single-factor design of my own, this experiment would be done to look at the relationship between stress and smoking. My research question would be; does smoking really reduce stress? I want to study this question using a between subject’s design, I would use this design to statistical analyze and compare the means of the different stress levels of the between-subjects factor. I would use random assignment for this studyShow MoreRelatedExperimental Research And Experimental Methods1445 Words   |  6 PagesExperimental To be competitive as renewable energy recourse turbines in wave energy generation must be robust and economical for a number of years. Approaches utilize experiments to characterize and predict the effect of parameters involved. One of which is advancements to turbine blades due to unsteady hydrodynamic loads. Characterizing these loads can determine their fatigue life and determine a more reliable material to be used for manufacturing the blades avoiding premature failure. ReliabilityRead MoreEssay on Experimental Methods Used in Applied Research1702 Words   |  7 Pagesanalysis the methods developed within the experimental analysis of behavior are applied to socially relevant problems (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister Zechmeister, 2009, p. 317).† In this paper I will discuss some of these experimental methods used in applied research. First, I will discuss the similarities and differences between descriptive and inferential statistics, and when they should be used. In addition, I will explain the similarities and differences between single-case and small N-research designsRead MoreMethods of Personality Research Ââ€" Clinical vs. Experimental1412 Words   |  6 Pagestest their theories, it was necessary to formulate methods of research that were effective, ethical and would provide a solid foundation for future personality research.brbrAlthough both the clinical and experimental methods of personality research have lent themselves to our present day understanding of the human psyche and personality, each has done so in vastly different ways. Freud and his colleagues, who pioneered the clinical research method, chose to observe their clients in an up close andRead MoreQuantitative Research Design Is The Standard Experimental Method Of Most Scientific Disciplines1104 Words   |  5 PagesQuantitative research design is the standard experimental method of most scientific disciplines. These experiments are sometimes referred to as true science, and use tra ditional mathematical and statistical means to measure results conclusively. They are most commonly used by physical scientists, although social sciences, education and economics have been known to use this type of research. It is the opposite of qualitative research. Quantitative experiments all use a standard format, with a fewRead MoreProspective Non Experimental Study More Specially A Longitudinal Research Method1453 Words   |  6 PagesA. My research study will be a prospective non-experimental study more specially a longitudinal research method. The reasoning for this is when the treatments are over I want to see if patients are experiencing any long term adverse side effects and if so for how long after the treatment are the side effects persisting. So this will be a long term study that will see the effects of the treatments over a 10 year period of time. B. The subjects I would use for my research proposal wouldRead MoreQualitative And Quantitative Research Methods936 Words   |  4 PagesQualitative and quantitative research methods are two alternative applications for research methods. Both are very different in how data is collected, what data is collected, and how data is measured. Both of these research methods are utilized amongst the major areas of psychology and the social sciences. This paper will provide a brief description of qualitative and quantitative methods, provide the differences between the two approaches along with the terminology used for both; I will alsoRead MoreExperimental and Non experimental Research Designs1049 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Experimental and Non-Experimental Research Designs. Evaluating a Survey Student’s Name Institution Research can either be experimental or no-experimental. Between the two research methods, experimental research is the most scientifically and also the most sophisticated research method. This makes the experimental be defined as observation that is under controlled conditions. Experimental research design method is concerned with examination of the effect of independent variableRead MoreApplied Research Essay example1494 Words   |  6 PagesApplied Research Experimental and descriptive research designs, statistics, and inferences in psychological settings and methods differ in many ways yet have similar qualities. All psychological research follows ethical codes and regulations. Each type of experiment discussed contains similarities and differences. The importance of each research method for individuals and societies varies according to the need addressed in creating the project. Beneficial interventions and treatments are developedRead MoreExperimental Research1191 Words   |  5 PagesExperimental Research and The Key Components of A Successful Experiment Ehsan Jamil Seneca College Laura Cavanagh February 4, 2013 Abstract This paper explores the experimental research method and specifically the experiment conducted by Professor Smith, a Psychology professor who has a hypothesis that Vitamin E improves memory, to determine the flaws in her experiment. In the process, the paper also clearly explains the various key factors which determine the outcome and accuracyRead MoreUsing The Experimental Or Quasi Experimental Method With Variables As Well As The Correlational Method1148 Words   |  5 Pageswho have research and statistics backgrounds. From all the topics and concepts of research and evaluating reports they were beneficial, straightforward, and thought-provoking. There are numerous topics from research problem, quantitative, qualitative, statistics, and sampling methods that will useful to health professionals now and in the future. The next section of this paper will mention of a possible research topic that will be a stepping-stone and guide for the comprehensive research project.

Capital Punishment Essay - 611 Words

Susan Smith purposely drove her car off into a lake with her 2 children strapped to the back seats. Think of how they must have felt as the cold water started to fill the car, and then ultimately drowned them. Barbaric is the word I would use to describe her actions. But yet, the jury rejected the death penalty and chose a 30-year sentence instead because capital punishment was not enforced in the state. Broken up from the death of his 2 children, Mr. Smith said, â€Å"Me and my family are disappointed that the death penalty was not the verdict.† I am going to convince you that capital punishment has to be enforced in all states. I will tell you about the problem, the solution to the problem, and what it would be like if my solution is†¦show more content†¦According to a study composed by Isaac Ehrlich in 1976, 8 murders are deterred for each execution carried out in the United States. He goes on to say, â€Å"If one execution of a guilty capital murderer deters the murder of one innocent life, the execution is justified.† To most supporters of the death penalty, like Ehrlich, if even one life is saved, for countless executions of the guilty, it is a good reason for the death penalty. The theory that society engages in murder when executing the guilty is considered to be invalid. Supporters feel that execution of convicted offenders expresses the great value that society places on innocent life. There are 5 ways to actually perform the executions: lethal injection, electrocution, gas chamber, hanging, and firing squad. Lethal injection is by far the most painless and is the most widely used. It only takes about 15 seconds for the criminal to loose consciousness. If capital punishment is not implemented by all of the states, criminals will not receive the punishment that they deserve. Criminals are not afraid enough of just going to jail so they do not care if they get in trouble for their crimes. There are many additional murders and brutal crimes without capital punishment. It is proven in statistics that capital punishment does work to deter potential criminals. Also with capital punishment, there would be less murderers taking up jail space so there would be more space for theShow MoreRelated Capital Punishment1099 Words   |  5 Pages Capital Punishment Murder, a common occurrence in American society, is thought of as a horrible, reprehensible atrocity. Why then, is it thought of differently when the state government arranges and executes a human being, the very definition of premeditated murder? Capital punishment has been reviewed and studied for many years, exposing several inequities and weaknesses, showing the need for the death penalty to be abolished. Upon examination, one finds capital punishment to be economically weakRead MoreCapital Punishment1137 Words   |  5 Pagescorresponding punishments. Among all penalties, capital punishment is considered to be the most severe and cruelest one which takes away criminal’s most valuable right in the world, that is, right to live. It is a heated debate for centuries whether capital punishment should be completely abolished world widely. The world seems to have mixed opinion regarding this issue. According to Amnesty International (2010), currently, 97 countries in the world have already abolished capital punishment while onlyRead MoreCapital Punishment1786 Words   |  8 PagesCapital Punishment Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is the toughest form of punishment enforced today in the United States. According to the online Webster dictionary, capital punishment is defined as â€Å"the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner as a punishment for a serious crime, often called a capital offence or a capital crime† (1). In those jurisdictions that practice capital punishment, its use is usually restricted to a small number of criminal offences, principallyRead MoreCapital Punishment1276 Words   |  6 Pagesbroken to get the death penalty, increased murder rates and wrongful accusations. There are many different views of the death penalty. Many different religions have their own views of the death penalty. In Hinduism, if the king does not inflict punishment on those worthy to be punished the stronger would roast the weaker like fish on a spit. In the religion of Jainism, mostly all of their followers are abolitionists of the death penalty which means that they oppose of it. Infact, this religionRead More Capital Punishment1898 Words   |  8 PagesCapital Punishment Imagine your heart suddenly beginning to race as you hear a judge give you a death sentence and then you’re quickly carried away in chains as your family sobs as they realize that they will no longer be able to see you. As you sit in your cell you begin to look back at your life and try to see where you went wrong to end up in jail waiting to carry out a death sentence, and at the same time know that you are an innocent waiting to be heard. This same scenario repeatsRead More Capital Punishment Essay: Retain Capital Punishment?696 Words   |  3 PagesCapital Punishment - Retain or Not?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay tangles with the question of whether or not we should retain the death penalty within the American code of penal law.    There is a feeling of frustration and horror that we experience at the senseless and brutal crimes that too frequently disrupt the harmony of society. There is pain which accompanies the heartfelt sympathy that we extend to the victims families who, in their time of suffering, are in need of the support and compassionRead MoreCapital Punishment2506 Words   |  11 PagesCapital Punishment and the Death Penalty Capital punishment exist in today’s society as citizens of the United States should we have the right to take an individual life. As illustrated throughout numerous of studies the death penalty is an unfair process seven out of ten deaths handed down by the state courts from 1973 to 1995 were overturned when appeal and the seven percent were later found to be innocent. Such as the Dobie Williams case which took place July 8, 1984. DobieRead MoreCapital Punishment Is A Legal Punishment1116 Words   |  5 Pageswhat the big deal about Capital Punishment is? According to free dictionary, Capital Punishment is to put to death as a legal punishment (Farlax). Capital Punishment is used worldwide, and is guaranteed to prevent future crime. Capital Punishment is a large controversy in the U.S. but before a personal opinion can be formed, some facts need to be known, such as what it is, where it is used and why it could be good or bad. Well, what is Capital Punishment? Capital Punishment is where a person is executedRead MoreCapital Punishment Is The Ultimate Punishment1704 Words   |  7 Pageswhat would you want from the government if he had killed someone you know? He should receive the capital punishment. The capital punishment is the ultimate punishment given to the precarious crimes. It is the last stage of capital punishment. There are different methods of like hanging, electric chair, lethal injection, firing squad, gas chamber. Murderers and rapist should be given extreme punishment, and they have to pay for their wrongdoing. We can observe crime rates are accelerating day-by-dayRead MoreCapital Punishment And Juvenile Punishment1631 Words   |  7 Pages Capital punishment is the term used when an individual is put to death by the state or government for the commission of a crime. Until recently, juveniles were not exempt from this punishment, however they would generally need to commit a more serious offense compared to their adult counterpart. Then there was the decision ruling the execution of mentally handicapped individuals was unconstitutional, using the 8th amendment as their authority, while taking into account the diminished capacity of

Informal Incidental Learning In Workplace -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Informal Incidental Learning In Workplace? Answer: Introducation Managing in a global environment require special skills and talents from the managers. This is mainly because, analysis of the global environment is necessary to make strategic decisions that can have a positive impact on the organisation (Kerzner Kerzner, 2017). Hence, to do so effectively, it is important that managers possess certain skills that can help an organisation after its expansion. Some of the skills that are required for managers include: Listening Most managers lack the ability to be imaginative for the betterment of the organisation. Listening to the customers, clients and employees are the main factors that drive an organisation to the path of innovation. Listening to the thoughts and complaints of the customers is the main catalyst for success in global business. The thoughts of the customers help in the applying the innovative methods that ultimately lead to the success of an organisation Sensing Managers need to develop this skill while conducting business on a global level. Often it is seen that upon expansion into an international market, managers tend to think in an innovative manner. However, a proper sense of the marketing trends that exist in the market needs to be developed to understand the preferences of the customers. Companies require a detecting culture that helps in the identification of problems that may exist in an organisation. Hence, developing a sense of both the external and internal surroundings is required for managing at a global level (Iveybusinessjournal.com, 2018). Observing Another skill that needs to be developed is the observational skills. Managers need to be prepared to ask the appropriate question at the appropriate time. To do so they need to observe the business environment. A deep observational skill can help managers to approach the suitable people for work and promote the appropriate behaviour required for gaining success in the workplace. One of the most important roles for leaders is to look at the future. Hence, it is necessary to be observant and seek every opportunity to ensure the success of the organisation. Table: Skills required for global management (Source: Created by author) Reasons for not having these skills According to Small (2017), managers need to develop these skills after years of experience in a practical level. These skills cannot be developed over time and it is required that individuals get proper training regarding the development and execution of the skills. However, Kerzner Kerzner (2017) countered this by stating that these skills are required for individuals to succeed in life. Skills such as listening, sensing and observing exist among an individual from birth or are inherited from the interaction with the society. Hence, based on the analysis of the scholars and my ability, I can say that I lack the skill of observing and listening. This is mainly because of my impatience and the fact that I do not socialise too much with people. These are the main reasons for the underdevelopment of my skills. In a professional context, I do not have enough experience in the field of management. In this regard, I believe that due to lack of proper training I have failed to develop thes e skills for making me a successful manager. Viewpoint of co-workers on the identified skill shortage As stated by Marsick Watkins (2015) support of the co-workers is necessary for a better organisational environment. This is mainly because of the fact that employees need to feel comfortable in the workplace, as collaboration with one another is important for the success of an organisation. Hence, it is equally important to acknowledge the thoughts of the co-workers. In the case of managers as well, this is important, as the managers need to encourage the employees into taking up challenging tasks. In my case, as well, the thought of the co-workers about my lack of skills is important for my progress in the organisation. It is seen that most of the co-workers have a dissatisfied view about my lack of listening skill and observing skill. My impatience and the fact that I do not listen to the co-workers patiently have caused doubts in their mind about my position in the organisation. At the same time, some co-workers believe that after proper training I can use my potential to lead th e organisation to success. References Hbr.org. (2018).Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 29 January 2018, from https://hbr.org/2005/01/managing-oneself Hbr.org. (2018).Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 29 January 2018, from https://hbr.org/2009/05/what-only-the-ceo-can-do Iveybusinessjournal.com. (2018).Ivey Business Journal. Retrieved 29 January 2018, from https://iveybusinessjournal.com/three-skills-ceos-need-most/ Kerzner, H., Kerzner, H. R. (2017).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Marsick, V. J., Watkins, K. (2015).Informal and Incidental Learning in the Workplace (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Small, A. (2017). Attennn-tion! Steps and skills to ensure discipline in the workplace: management.Red Meat/Rooivleis,8(1), 44-46.

Bus 630 Week 1 Discussion Essay Example

Bus 630 Week 1 Discussion Essay BUS630 WEEK 1 Ashford University MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING: This week students will: 1. Explain the primary ethical responsibilities of the management accountant. 2. Illustrate the key principles of managerial accounting including cost concepts. 3. Distinguish between the behavior of variable and fixed cost. 4. Explain the significance of cost behavior to decision making and control. 5. Determine the necessary sales in unit and dollars to break-even or attain desired profit using the break-even formula. FINANCIAL VS MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING- Financial accounting is the branch of accounting that organizes accounting information for presentation to interested parties outside of the organization. The primary financial accounting reports are the balance sheet (often called a statement of financial position), the income statement, and the statement of cash flows. The balance sheet is a summary of assets, liabilities, and shareholders’ equity at a specified point in time. The income statement reports revenues and expenses resulting from the company’s operations for a particular time period. The statement of cash flows shows the sources and uses of cash over a time period for operating, investing, and financing activities. Managerial accounting is the branch of accounting that meets managers’ information needs. Because managerial accounting is designed to assist the firm’s managers in making business decisions, relatively few restrictions are imposed by regulatory bodies and generally accepted accounting principles. Therefore, a manager must define which data are relevant for a particular purpose and which are not. In managerial accounting, however, the segment is of major importance. We will write a custom essay sample on Bus 630 Week 1 Discussion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Bus 630 Week 1 Discussion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Bus 630 Week 1 Discussion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Segments may be products, projects, divisions, plants, branches, regions, or any other subset of the business. Tracing or allocating costs, revenues, and assets to segments creates difficult issues for managerial accountants. Two important similarities do exist. The transaction and accounting information systems discussed earlier are used to generate the data inputs for both financial statements and management reports. Therefore, when the system accumulates and classifies information, it should do so in formats that accommodate both types of accounting. Discuss a possible negative managerial scenario that the regional manager may be sensing. The Regional Manager is piecing together trends and abnormalities in order to predict the near future of store #9. At a glance, we determine that store 9 run by an effective manager with a successful track record. However, the lack of investment in training signals an attempt to cut overhead cost in order to show a larger store profit. Cutting employee training may be an effective tool for the short term but may create issues in the future. Additionally, we see that the Store has decided to withdraw from several costly, but high visibility events. Again, this may be a reduction in variable cost in order to reduce store overhead in the short term and increase profitability. The Regional Manager’s concern is that the entire company profits from these community events, not just the single store, and therefore, the impact may be detrimental to sales in multiple areas. Lastly, we see that store #6 has increased its operating costs since the store manager in question departed. This signals an issue consistent with the concerns above that this manager simply aims to reduce overhead as low as possible in order to increase the overall store profit. Might the manager of Store 9 be an exceptional manager? Although on the surface, the three trends above may appear to be negative; this store manager may in fact be a very effective manager. For example: Perhaps instead of accounting for the trainee’s hours as overhead in training costs, he has put that individual in a position to learn-on-the-job, therefore, making the employee’s working hours into a direct labor cost and minimizing overhead. When it comes to advertising, we saw the manager spent most of his advertising dollars early in the year. It may be possible that the manager elected to spend his variable expense advertising dollars during a time period where they would produce the most sales, and then tapered off his advertising dollars during a time period of steady business flow. Lastly, the cancellation of high visibility events may have been due to the determination that cost was not yielding substantial sales or visibility. Despite this fact, it stands to reason that a store manager would inform a regional manager of any choices having a broader impact to the overall company. If there was a lack of communication here, I believe it is to the detriment of the store manager’s credibility. What are the ethical implications of the scenario? Variable Cost defines the cost of a single assembled product based on the materials consumed and labor invested directly in unit production. To illustrate our point, we can say that making a single baked potato with all of the fixings will cost $3. 00 to produce (potato, sour cream, chives, plate, fork, napkin and labor). If we decide to go into the baked potato business, we must then sell these potatoes for at least $3. 00 per unit. Any less would cause us to lose money on the endeavor. This cost cannot be made up by increasing volume of sales. Judy Koch discussed the fact that bulk purchases can benefit you reduce these variable costs. If we decided to purchase potato-making materials in larger quantities and hired more workers to produce these products, we could then possibly produce our product for a lower Variable Cost based on the new price. Fixed cost will remain the same no matter how our potato shop does. As an example, our potato restaurant rental costs will be the same whether we sell one hundred potatoes or zero potatoes per month. The electricity, the heating costs, the manager’s salary. All of these factors will stay consistent no matter how many units we sell. Judy Koch’s statement is in reference to the fact that these costs are indeed changeable, however, they do not vary per unit sold. We can decide to upgrade our successful restaurant and pay higher rental fees, the government can increase our tax liability and we can hire more management. None of these costs will increase if we sell more potatoes. They are independent of unit sales.

Australias distribution repor essays

Australia's distribution repor essays Factors affecting Australias distribution of income and wealth There are many factors affecting the distribution of income (Y) and wealth which can be grouped into either variations in socioeconomic characteristics, the developments in the economy and changes in the labour market. 1. Gender (Despite Equal Pay for Equal Work 1969, inequality still exists) - The average Y for females is considerably lower than males in major areas of occupation, and even in the same occupation category - Females receive less % of their Y from earned sources (wages, business, trade etc) and receive more government benefits e.g. single parent assistance - Y tends to be highest between 25- 54 years (45-54 the highest) - Males and females 15- 24 less as they have less education and training, and experience - Different occupations require different levels of educational skills/qualifications - There is unequal Y distribution across 8 major occupational groups e.g. the highest paid group are the managers and administrators (involve high risk decision making etc) and the lowest are labourers and semi-skilled workers - Working conditions are important e.g. dangerous, dirty and irregular hours pay higher wages - Wage differences can occur within same occupational groups, in terms of experience, distant locations or more profitable firms - Statistics show that migrants from non-English speaking backgrounds have the lowest overall Y, while migrants from English-speaking have the highest - The point of residence for migrants also has impacts e.g. those from the US, Britain and South Africa (more developed countries...) - The longer the length of residence in Australia results in a higher average Y - Aboriginal Australians have the lowest average Y per annum - Y units range from young single people just out of school, to couples with dependent children, through to the elderly retired single or couples - According to quintile gro...

Why did revolutions break out so widely across Europe in 1848 and why did they fail Essays

Why did revolutions break out so widely across Europe in 1848 and why did they fail Essays Why did revolutions break out so widely across Europe in 1848 and why did they fail Paper Why did revolutions break out so widely across Europe in 1848 and why did they fail Paper Essay Topic: History In 1848, through a combination of long and short term causes, revolutions broke out across Europe, namely in France, Italy and Germany. The failure of the revolutions in Italy and Germany can be contrasted against the success of the revolution in France, where the existing Orleanist monarchys reluctance to assert its dominance against insurgents led to its downfall and republican success. In both Italy and Germany it can be argued that the respective leaders ability to affirm supremacy was never undermined and therefore the attempted revolutions were easily quashed and, for the most part, the old system of government reinstated. The revolutions in Germany, Italy and France were not directly linked as far as short-term causes are concerned. However, there are, to a certain extent, links in their long term causes. Europe endured hard times during much of the 1840s. A series of bad harvests culminating in the potato blight of 1845-46 brought widespread misery and some starvation. An economic depression added to the hardship, spreading discontent among the poor and the middle class alike. The view that the 1848 revolts were the result of not just one crisis but a combination of several is particularly supported by the French historian Ernest Labrousse1. These disasters brought about the need for constitutional change in line with the evolving social transformations of the time. The British had recognised and responded to this need for change much earlier because the industrial revolution was occurring much quicker in Britain than on the European mainland, save Belgium. The economic and social changes namely the rise in the educated middle classes necessitated some sort of amendment in legislation. This problem was never addressed in France and led to the rise in proposed alternative systems of government. In both Italy and Germany, uprisings were brought about by liberals demanding more freedom. In Germany, nationalists were inspired by the success of republicans in France. In Italy, liberals were stirred by the liberal concessions of the new pope, Pius IX and nationalists were roused by his seemingly sympathetic views to the anti-Austrian views in northern Italy. In order for a revolution to be successful, existing regimes need to be delegitimised, the existing regimes ability to use force needs to be subverted, a legitimacy for the new regime needs to be generated and a way of protecting this new legitimacy needs to be established. Existing regimes were successfully delegitimised in Germany (where it was argued that the existing order was not national or representative enough), Italy (where the common desire was to get rid of repressive Bourbon and foreign rule) and France (where republicans, legitimists and Bonapartists campaigned against Louis Philippes government). However, in both Italy and Germany, the existing administrations ability to use force was never undermined and this meant that the insurrections were able to be crushed. This can be contrasted with France where Louis Philippe suffered from lack of support from his national guard in critical moments. When it came to generating legitimacy for the new regime, the Italians and Germans were at a loss. Conflicting ideas and the fact that Piedmont was too weak to lead Italy in 1848 undermined Italian insurgents ability to create a legitimacy. In Germany, revolutionaries were unable to construct any accepted government or physical authority. Louis Philippe though faced problems in France since the Orleanist monarchy, in itself, was not a legitimate one2. In both Germany and Italy, revolutionaries were unable to defend themselves against the existing establishments and so were easily crushed. In France, revolutionaries were lucky that Louis Philippe decided to resign he could have, if he had truly desired, crushed the insurrections with force. It remains a mystery why he didnt. It is clear that the fact that Italian and German revolutionaries were too divided and disorganised, and that rulers in Italy and Germany too powerful to be overthrown ultimately led to the failure of both revolutions. In France, though, the existing regime was easily delegitimised and the lack of determination of the Orleanist monarchy to stay in power led to the success of the French revolution. The reasons why Revolution broke out in Italy are threefold and go back as far as 1846 with the election of the new pope, Pius IX. Within a month of being elected, Pius began to introduce reforms. He allowed political prisoners to return from exile, taxes were reduced and press censorship relaxed. These reforms made Pius seem, as Metternich put it, to be a liberal pope3 and sympathetic to the anti-Austrian cause in northern Italy. He became a national hero and was urged by Mazzini to lead the campaign for Italian rights. He then subtly attacked Austria by proposing a customs league modelled on the Prussian Zollverein, which would exclude Austrian held states, threatening an end to Austrian dominance of the Italian economy. These reforms prompted the leaders of Tuscany and Piedmont to follow suite. Charles Albert introduced a host of liberal ideas which prompted Sardinia to want to join Piedmont. This was a move to Italian unity which roused the hopes of nationalists, who now looked to completely eradicate Austrian rule. The second reason for revolution breaking out encouraged these nationalists even further. Civil war had broken it in Switzerland in 1847. By 1848, Switzerland had a new liberal constitution with guaranteed civil rights, popular democracy, and a say in economic, foreign and military affairs. The Italian nationalists looked on this as a lesson, since the Swiss had managed to throw off Austrian control and were now enjoying the fruits of their freedom. Thirdly, it was clear by 1848 that Austria was weak. Her ruler, Ferdinand I was partially insane and his government was becoming increasingly effective. Austrias concerns were focused on central and Eastern Europe and she looked on her two pieces of territory in Italy, Lombardy and Venetia, for taxes alone and therefore wasnt terribly keen on going out of her way to defend them4. These three factors encouraged nationalists that they could throw out Austrian rule and the tobacco boycott in Milan began, rather craftily, the revolutions. However, these revolutions were a failure for a number of inter-related reasons. Firstly, the opportunity presented by Austrian weakness which the nationalists pounced upon was only temporary and misleading. The resignation of Metternich left the Austrians only temporarily immobilised, and the restoration of royal power in Naples by Ferdinand II began on 17 May. Secondly the revolutionaries were hopelessly divided amongst themselves and failed to act together in order to protect the advances they had made. All had different ideas as to the future of Italy and their divisions made it easy for power to be reasserted. Thirdly, the Italians received no help, but active opposition from key European powers, namely France, who were itching to get a foothold in Italy and capitalised on the popes weakness and inability to control revolutionaries in the Papal States. The 1848 Italian revolution failed because there was never a coherent alternative legitimacy once the existing regimes had been delegitimised and the revolutionaries never had the capacity to protect their advances, as shown by the defeat of Charles Albert at Custoza. Though Germany was by no means a coherent nation in 1848 and events carried on independently in separate states, there was a common theme as to the reason why revolution broke out in 1848, and this was the upsurge of liberalism and the necessity for legislation change to accommodate liberal ideas. These liberal ideas were predominantly led by the expansion of educated middle classes, ambitious in their demands for freedom of action, political participation and a stronger national identity. The long term issues of agricultural and economic slumps were more of an issue in Germany than in Italy and were more applicable to the social unrest which brought about the revolutions. The economic pressures of the nineteenth centur y were particularly severe between 1845 and 1847. The acute agricultural crisis coincided with an industrial slump and Europes young industrial economies were unable to cope with the pressures of modernisation. There were three main factors which combined to cause the social movement against conservative governments. Firstly, social and economic hardships such as harvest failures had resulted in sudden, steep price rises. Wheat prices rose 51. 8% in Hamburg between 1841 and 1847, 70%of that rise coming after 1845. Secondly, the middle class exclusion from politics and power led to calls for liberal reforms. Those in the financial sector sought greater freedom to invest and expand; others sought a better society with more political participation. Thirdly, there was a growth in nationalist feelings, fed by issues like the Schleswig-Holstein question. In the short term, republican success on French soil encouraged rural violence and urban barricades, panicking governments into liberal concessions, which further encouraged revolutionaries to cause insurrection since they felt that they had governments on the defensive. Despite initial successes, the 1848 German revolution was ultimately a failure. The existing political order had been successfully de-legitimised as shown by the fall of Metternich and the granting of constitutions all over Germany, and the existing orders ability to enforce its will was successfully undermined by both the scale, and the speed at which protest happened, surprising leaders and preventing military response. However, the revolutionaries failed to establish a plausible, stable alternative legitimacy. The proposed alternative, the Frankfurt assembly never had broad and sufficient support6. The revolutionaries also failed to establish control over any means of enforcement. They were ultimately dependant on the armies of Prussia, Austria and other German states, which never accepted their authority. The 1848 German revolution failed because it effectively began to lose support by 1849, after initial success. The failure of the Frankfurt parliament to command any sort of respect invalidated the national cause and harkened the failure of the German revolution as a whole. The French revolution was different from the other two in that it was the only one that was successful. It was brought about more through combination of long term factors with a spark to set the actual revolution in motion, than with the amassment of short term factors. By 1848, when Louis Philippe had been forced to abdicate, his monarchy was well established. However, one might argue that its fall was inevitable he was not a legitimate king. He had not inherited the throne, and therefore could never say that he was king by divine right, the people had never been asked to express an opinion about his accession to power and he was not a military leader or the figurehead of a strong military group. The Orleanist monarchy was merely a useful compromise seized at by desperate property owners when they had feared for their future. 7 Thus Louis Philippes government was one that relied upon leadership that continued to inspire confidence in its supporters. However, it is here that Louis Philippes character came into play in undermining his own regime. By 1840 he had become increasingly reclusive and even stopped reviewing units of the National Guard. His public appearances became increasingly rare and became less effective in maintaining personal loyalties. This meant that by 1848, there were a number of organised groups in France constantly questioning the legitimacy and any scandal involving the Orleanist monarchy. These groups included the republicans, legitimists and Bonapartists. The republicans were the most widely supported and consisted of the low order republicans who believed it would lead to the rectification of the ills of poverty, and the high order republicans who were involved with a romanticised view of the republic set up by revolution. The legitimists consisted of those supporters of Charles X who had not rallied to Louis Philippe. They were not significant in terms of numbers, but rather in terms of how much damage they could cause by questioning every scandal. The Bonapartists supported the reinstatement of a Napoleonic empire and supported Louis Napoleon. Louis Philippe, therefore, was unfortunate in that there were a number of ready made alternative systems of government available. His unsuccessful foreign policy also lost the Orleanist monarchy support and many of his supporters began to look for alternatives that might do better. The governments reaction to the social changes going in France made unrest inevitable. Paris was growing rapidly and creating huge problems of poverty. Louis Philippes reaction was to claim that there was nothing he could do about it. 8 The incident which sparked off revolution was when troops fired on a fairly good-natured crowd, leaving eighty dead and wounded. This was exactly what republican leaders needed to anger and mobilise a majority in Paris. Lack of support from the National Guard rendered the king useless and on the 24th of February, he abdicated. Louis Philippe did not need to abdicate. He could have called in the army to quash rebellion had he wanted to. As Keith Randell puts it, the government was not overthrown, it was allowed to fall. The fact that revolutions were so widespread in Europe has led historians to look for common themes between the revolutions. The only common theme as to why revolution broke out in 1848 in Italy, Germany and France is the economic hardship of the 1840s. This economic hardship brought about problems which the existing regimes had to deal with. In France, the problems were simply ignored. In Germany and Italy, liberal concessions were made which only fuelled the desire for change in the hearts of revolutionaries. However, the lack of a common goal rendered the Italian revolution a failure, the lack of a respected alternative government rendered the German revolution a failure and the early resignation of Louis Philippe rendered the French revolution a success.

Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Article Critique - Essay Example While the article is helpful as a general information piece, it lacks any substantive depth, and does not draw any conclusions. The author writes of "millions of new jobs" and "a demand for green jobs, which could provide meaningful work", but offers no specifics or details. The author was further challenged by the topic as he could not even offer a definition for the term green job. Due to the immense scope of the topic, and the relative of the issue in the national spotlight, it would be impractical to devise any research based on empirical data or a quantitative study. Research could best be accomplished by a review of the existing literature on the topic and consulting the writings of industry experts. I would examine the experiences that other countries have had with green technology and how it has impacted their employment and economic outlook. In addition, I would make some conjectures and predictions on the impact of energy on the economy if we do nothing. Solar panel technology for residential housing is an area of green technology that has vast potential. At the current cost of solar cells, they are economically impractical without a government subsidy. Currently the federal subsidy is 30 percent, with some states adding an additional amount ("Northern Arizona Wind & Sun"). If the subsidy were 70 percent, it would take the homeowner just 6 years to recover the cost of a system that has a life span of 20 years ("Northern Arizona Wind & Sun"). As the technology gets more developed and manufacturing reaches scale, the price will drop dramatically and the subsidies could be cut back. The long term effect would be to significantly lower the cost of utilities in America and there would be more money in the economy to spend on cars and houses. Closing the coal fired electric plants and replacing them with nuclear facilities would greatly reduce green house gas emissions and create a